Bk Generation 90 - 95
20 years later: Moving (2) Cities
Arjan van Timmeren (’94)
January 17 th 2014
vrijdag 17 januari 14
Sustainability / Sustainable Development
drivers of change
Global knowledge exchange,
transport & ICT, geo-politics,
increasing industrial
competition,
etc.
Worldwide extensive growth in cities over the
next 25 years, changing demographics,
housing and industries, request for more
flexibility, ‘Millennium Development Goals’,
etc.
Population
Climate change
(cf IPCC); cascading effects,
stressed waterways, Urban
Heat Island, demand for more
resource efficiency, etc.
Climate &
environment
Globalisation
People, Institutions,
Policy & Systems
Community acceptance,
Political will & governance
Water use &
management
Science &
technology
Advanced materials,
Bio & nano technology, C2C,
Sensors &sensor networks (RTC),
Information & communication, smart
grids / context delivery architecture,
Energy alternatives & recovery,
etc.
Energy,GHG &
waste managem.
Energy, CO2 and CH4
reduction, resilience &
energy dependance, exergy,
energy transition strategies,
waste recovery, etc.
water shortages,
salination, retention,
micro pollutants,
‘Push’ for efficient water
and nutrient use (Urban
& Agriculture),
etc.
Bk Generation 90-95 • 20 years later: Moving (2) Cities • Arjan van Timmeren • January 17 th 2014
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Urban Emergencies
earthquakes,
hurricanes/typhoons,
drought/flooding,
etc.
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URBAN
GROWTH
Hong Kong
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URBAN GROWTH
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Hong Kong
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Dubai, ‘the strip’
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NEC PLUS ULTRA
The way we develop cities result in an a priori break from attempts to deviate from the status quo. The growth and densiDication of interdependent infrastructures that support people, information, water, materials, energy, and waste and the rigidity of current urban planning and design methodologies make our cities increasingly vulnerable & less resilient to cascading effects caused by anthropogenic climate change
Dubai, Palm Island
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MEGA CITIES ONLY COUNT
FOR 9.9% OF URBANISATION
Miami
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ANTHROPOCENE
‘THE AGE OF MAN’
While cities in the west have usually dominated various measurements of urban productivity and cultural magnetism, 400 fast-­‐growing cities in developing economies are expected reshape the economic landscape by producing the majority of new wealth and absorbing the brunt of future population growth Toronto
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Cities of the 21st century wield so much power that it can be concluded that, There really isn't a national economy. There's a network of metropolitan economies where countries’ talent, creativity and industry are concentrated.
Towards a future with powerful city-­‐states, rather than nation-­‐states, that drive the world economy... Toronto
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Planning Paradigm:
INFRASTRUCTURES DRIVE
(URBAN) PLANNING
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
Prosperous Cities : “smart, sustainable & just” cities
... what means ‘Prosperity’ anno 2013?
hard to answer due to large differences between living conditions in the world ...
... imperative is that the definition of ‘prosperity’ now,
depends on the needs of future generations
UN-Habitat “City Prosperity Index (2012)”, with five dimensions of prosperity :
productivity,
infrastructure (development),
quality of life,
equity and social inclusion,
environmental sustainability
source: UN Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT) , “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”
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THIRD CARBON AGE
The invisible hand of the market has spoken.
... but does the market truly speak for the People ?
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
hydro carbon resourses & “hydro-fracking ? ... it stays a reprieve !
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
“Peak Oil” when? ...
?
Fossil
Fuels
Luis de Souza, The Oil Drum,
Luis de Souza,
The Oil Drum, 2008
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
U. Bardi / M. Pagani, 2007
Introduction to SUET • November14th 2013 • Environmental Technology & Design • prof.dr.ir. A.van Timmeren
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
U. Bardi / M. Pagani, 2007
Introduction to SUET • November14th 2013 • Environmental Technology & Design • prof.dr.ir. A.van Timmeren
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
U. Bardi / M. Pagani, 2007
Introduction to SUET • November14th 2013 • Environmental Technology & Design • prof.dr.ir. A.van Timmeren
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
Climate Adaptation & (Social) Resilience
pre-Sandy
preparations for ‘Sandy’...
results of ‘Sandy’...
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
Climate Adaptation & (Social) Resilience
pre-Sandy
preparations for ‘Sandy’...
post-Sandy
results of ‘Sandy’...
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Ecological Footprint
equity ?
e.g. the Dutch Ecological Footprint in terms of global hectares is 6.34, while the earth itself can only support a footprint of 1.8. That means if every human lived with the same quality of life as the average Dutch citizen, the planet would need to be 3.5 times bigger.
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equity ?
e.g. in Peru the Chinese company (Chinalco) bought in the summer of 2007
a mountain of 4600 meter height (named Toromocho)… for 3 billion dollar…
Why?
… because it resulted to contain 2 billion tonnes of Copper!
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Triple P: equity :
the challenges are in the developing world ...
Source: World Population Prospects:
The 2006 Revision, medium variant
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Further asymmetrical growth ...
will ultimately lead to autophagy Bk Generation 90-95 • 20 years later: Moving (2) Cities • Arjan van Timmeren • January 17 th 2014
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Importance of ‘communities’ & ‘street level design’
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Eco-Cities: Innovation, Integration, Information
and compactness (‘interconnection’ of facilities/services)
artist impression of the “Great City” (just outside Chengdu, China); ca. 80.000 inhabitants
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artist impression of the “Great City” (just outside Chengdu, China)
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Eco-Cities: Innovation, Integration, Information
and compactness (‘interconnection’ of facilities/services)
artist impression of the “Great City” (just outside Chengdu, China); ca. 80.000 inhabitants
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typical section through the “Great City” (with multilayered setup, integrated mobility and interconnection of facilities and services)
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how do you sell urban living to former farmers (ao)? ... by making it green (example of Tianjing)
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: first ‘Zero Carbon’ city of the world.?
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: first ‘Zero Carbon’ city of the world ?
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: first ‘Zero Carbon’ city of the world.?
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: first ‘Zero Carbon’ city in the world ..? challenging in ambition and design...
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: Zero-Carbon, .....however: spatial quality ... ?
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: Zero-Carbon, .....however: spatial quality ... ?
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: Zero-Carbon, .....however: spatial quality ... ?
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Sustainable Area Development (SAD)
a changing role for communities, design, construction & maintenance
from:
a focus on design for the masses (production)
towards:
a ‘re-conceptualisation’ of functional objects and areas
smart and integrated-, regenerative systems
self-organisation and community building (PO & CPO)
designers need to re-imagine the nature of buildings, city, region
and the interactions in between and between building and use(rs) ...
Nieuw Leyden, Leiden
Spoelwater
Centrale
zuiveringsvijver
verzamelvijver
WADI
Helofytenfilter
Zwartwater
Grijswater
Zandfilter
Zwembad
Oude Lek
Scheidingsvat
infiltratie
poldersloot
Drinkwater
Living machine
BIOGAS installatie
WATERBEDRIJF
storage/ mobility
e.g. interconnection (Lanxmeer)
e.g. layered landscapes (Eurocity / Tilt city, Paris competition entry)
Bk Generation 90-95 • 20 years later: Moving (2) Cities • Arjan van Timmeren • January 17 th 2014
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e.g. Linked Hybrid , Steven Holl
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‘Moving’ 2 ‘cities’
Kiruna
IJssel/Vechtdelta
Nijmegen
Innsbruck
photo by André Kuipers
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The Urban Europe Project
International Urban Living Lab: Kiruna, Sweden / City in
transformation
Image: White Architects AB (Stockholm) et al.
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The Urban Europe Project: Kiruna (S.)
Kiruna, Sweden (Lapland)
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The Urban Europe Project: Kiruna (S.)
Kiruna, Sweden (Lapland)
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City collapse... due to Worlds largest iron Mine ...
State owned Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB
Kiruna, Sweden (Lapland)
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City collapse... due to Worlds largest iron Mine ...
State owned Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB... in use 24/7
Kiruna, Sweden (Lapland)
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Similar effect like in case of fracking ...
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Plan: Gradual transition: moving & flipping
(center|periphery)
Kiruna, Sweden (Lapland)
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Strategic approach: moving & concentrating
Kiruna, Sweden (Lapland)
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Kiruna, Sweden (Lapland)
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Gradual transition: new Urbanity
and ‘short in time’ (both meanings...)
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Kiruna, city center with train station, Sweden (Lapland)
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Translation to the Dutch (Delta-) context ...
‘matching’ of spatial- & adaptation tasks (disruptive change)
(source: de Urbanisten, Rotterdam)
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Towards pro-active delta related solutions
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Translation to the Dutch (Delta-) context ...
‘matching’ of spatial- & adaptation tasks (disruptive change)
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Multiple Layered Safety approach
3
2
1
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Nijmegen; ‘Ruimte voor de Waal’
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Nijmegen; ‘Ruimte voor de Waal’
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Nijmegen; ‘Ruimte voor de Waal’
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Area
surfaces
Voorbeeld 3
Scope
• Veur - Lent
usable
• Lentse kade
• Waalveld
• Uiterwaarden
• Nevengeul
5,5 ha
3,0 ha
5,0 ha
4,5 ha
85 ha
60 ha
Total
ca. 160 ha.
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Nijmegen; ‘Ruimte voor de Waal’
Ruimte voor de Rivier ; nieuwe nevengeul op smalste punt van de Waal (bij Nijmegen/Lent), (energie neutraal) eiland en nieuwe oeververbindingen (bron: iLent Dura Vermeer Ploegam)
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Culture
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Nature and maintenance
nature
maintenance
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Use
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Towards an energy neutral intervention
(Veur)Lent development strategy
2013-2016
2016-2023
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2023 & later
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Towards an energy neutral intervention
REAP
stap 1:
stap 2:
stap 3:
stap 4:
Reduce
Reuse
Renewable energy
Clean usage of fossil fuels
Cluster
Veur-­‐Lent’
Stedelijk Rivierpark’
Municipality of Nijmegen
Building
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Step 1: Reduction of demand
Realistic reduction
potential
• Existing dwellings;
- 6%
• Existing services;
- 3% - 5%
• New dwellings (isolation);
- 40%
• LED Lighting in public spaces;
- 40%
• Hybrid (sc.1) / electric cars
Scenario Heat Net
(sc. 2)
- 50% - 75%
38%
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Scenario Symbiosis
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48%
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Step 2 (REAP): Reuse of surplus Energy
Criteria
Maximum Poten6al
Heat exchangers
Financial Feasibility
(€ / GJ)
1.513 GJ/jaar
€ 14
11.768 GJ / jaar
€ 26
10.000 GJ/jaar
€ 4
10.000 GJ / jaar
€ 3
Heat exchange with aquifers
3.300 GJ / jaar
€ 20
Soil heat exchangers
2.640 GJ / jaar
€ 21
Anaerobic fermentaWon plant
3.248 GJ / jaar
€ 18
Living Machine
3.248 GJ / jaar
€ 25
Heat Net
Cascading heat
Low Thermal Heat Net
Risk assessment
Scenario Heat Net
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Scenario Symbiosis
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Criteria
Maximum Poten6al
Financial Feasibility
(€ / GJ)
Risk assessment
Step 3: Renewable Energy
1st generaWon PV
2.230.000 GJ
€ 6
2nd generaWon PV
1.539.000 GJ
€ 36
3rd generaWonPV
3.895.000 GJ
€ 20
Solar collectors
3.990.000 GJ
€ 11
PVT panels
4.180.000 GJ
€ 13
684.000 GJ
€ 97
1.350.000 GJ
€ 25
Wind turbines
9.158.000 GJ
€ 7
Small wind turbines
9.158.000 GJ
€ 26
Building Augmented Wind Turbines
9.158.000 GJ
€ 20
33.250 GJ
€ 6
Road Energy Systems
5.000 GJ
€ 8
Solar Roads
1800 GJ
€ 87
PotenWal water power
6.937 GJ
€ 17
Currents-­‐water energy 2.636 GJ
€ 150
VibraWon water energy
1.044 GJ
€ 3
CSP
Fresnel lenses
Scenario Heat Net
Scenario Symbiosis
Geothermal energy
Sky-­‐wind turbines
Wood boilers
Surface water heaWng/ cooling
€ 20
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Innovations > Green Technologies (integration)
Produce biomass / algae
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Innovations > Infrastrucure (integration) etc.
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Prototype 2011
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Concept House prototype
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Concept House prototype > Concept House
affordable, energy positive & IFD based appartments
e.g.
EPC = 0
Villa
Local materials (masonry, reed)
45 m2 PV
LED lighting
Shower water heat recovery
Demand controled ventilation
Heat collectors, and Heat exchange/storage in soil
Heatpump
Low Temperature floor Heating
High insulation R values (low U)
‘Infohuis’ Oostindie, Leek NL [o.a. Nieman]
e.g.
EPC = – 0,2
e.g.
EPC = – 0,12
Villa
Small villa
cavity (concrete + masonry)
Cavity (Wood + masonry)
25 m2 PV
40 m2 PV(T)
LED lighting
2 micro-windturbines*
Hotfill washing machine
LED / economical appendages
Smart E-system
Conservatory
Balance Ventilation (mechan.) + Heat recovery
Balance Ventilation (mechan.) with Heat recovery
Heat exchange/storage in soil
Heat collectors
Heatpump
Heat exchange/storage in soil
Low Temperature floor Heating
Heatpump
High insulation R values (low U)
Low Temperature floor Heating
‘Energieplushuis’, Leusden, NL [o.a. Eneco]
High insulation R values
Kollum de Wirden, NL [a.o. VDM]
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Concept House prototype > Concept House
affordable, energy positive & IFD (DfD) of stackable apartments
Apartment buildings (>3 storeys) in the Netherlands:
Park de Baandert (Sittard) EPC = +0,76
Appartementen Zevenbergen EPC = +0,76
Zonnekant (Malden) EPC = +0,72
Pallas (Almere) EPC = +0,67
BorchRijck (Harkstede) EPC = +0,7
Tasmantoren (Groningen) EPC = +0,68
just realized:
Lijsterstraat (Krimpen a/d IJssel) EPC = +0,4
Concept House / Concept House Village ; TUD GBi + Industrial partners
Hutten Zuid (Ulft) EPC = +0,4
Buiksloterham (Amsterdam) EPC = +0,38 [o.a. TU Delft]
EPC = – 0,07
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Smart systems and multiple connections ...
& Zero-energy
Concept House / Concept House Village ; TUD GBi + Industrial partners
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Trial & Error ...
use(r) will be key factor !
“Most people like progress, fewer like changes ...”
conventional way... :
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h^p://etd.bk.tudel`.nl
Contact:
prof.dr.ir. A.van Timmeren
Environmental Technology & Design
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Architecture
Department Urbanism
mail: A.vanTimmeren@tudelft.nl
Tel. +31 15 2784991 / +31 6 39250977
Bk Generation 90-95 • 20 years later: Moving (2) Cities • Arjan van Timmeren • January 17 th 2014
vrijdag 17 januari 14
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