06/10/2014
Op terugwinning van grondstoffen
gebaseerde sanitatie
Department of Environmental Technology
02-10-2014, Grietje Zeeman; WUR-ETE
Grietje.Zeeman@WUR.nl
Industrialized
countries
Basic setup of
aerobic treatment
large quantities of
water for toilet
flushing
screens
grit
chamber
primary
activated
secondary
sedimentation sludge sedimentation
tank
tank
tank
Raw sewage
Treated effluent
Dilution of toilet
waste water
Sludge
sludge
digestion
sludge
dewatering
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06/10/2014
Basic setup of
anaerobic treatment
screens
grit
chamber
AWWT plant
Bucaramanga,Colombia
high-rate
anaerobic
treatment
Post-treatment
Raw sewage
Treated effluent
Sludge
sludge
drying
beds
UASB
UASB (Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge
Bed) reactor
•
Developed by
Lettinga (1970’s)
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06/10/2014
Direct anaerobic treatment in UASB-digester
Low temperature
& low
concentration
Denitrification with Methane
Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera
biogas
effluent
N removal &CH4
removal:
CH4
DAMO
ammonia
Large UASB reactors
biogas
dissolved
biomass
influent
10-20°C
suspended
UASB 10-20°C
Digester 30-35°C
Mahmoud N, Zeeman G, Gijzen H, Lettinga G. 2004. Anaerobic sewage treatment in a one-stage UASB reactor and a combined UASB-Digester
system. Water Research 38: 2347-2357.
Lei Zhang, Tim L.G. Hendrickx, Weiguang Li, Christel Kampman, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman (2013). Co-digestion to support low temperature
anaerobic pre-treatment of municipal sewage in a UASB-Digester. Bioresource technology 148, 560-566
Christel Kampman, Tim L.G. Hendrickx, Francisca A. Luesken, Theo A. van Alen, Huub J.M. Op den Camp,Mike S.M. Jetten, Grietje Zeeman, Cees
J.N. Buisman,Hardy Temmink (2012). Enrichment of denitrifying methanotrophic bacteria for application after direct low-temperature anaerobic
sewage treatment; Journal of Hazardous Materials; Volumes 227–228, 164–171
'New Sanitation’ concept
Community-on-site
recovery of:
Community-on-site
recovery of:
biogas
'New Sanitation’ concept
discharge
*Removal
micropollutants
(ozone)
Nitrogen
recovery)
struvite
precipitation
nutrient rich
product
UASB(ST)
black
water
kitchen
waste
reuse
•P-fertiliser
discharge
*Removal
micropollutants
(ozone)
Nitrogen
removal
(OLAND)
sludge
biogas
•Biogas
struvite
precipitation
reuse
•Biogas
hygienisation
grey
water
treatment
*not yet realised
nutrient rich
product
UASB(ST)
black
water
•P-fertiliser
kitchen
waste
sludge
•Organic fertiliser
hygienisation
grey
water
•N-fertiliser
treatment
•Water
*not yet realised
•Organic fertiliser
Pathogen & MP
free
•Water
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06/10/2014
‘New Sanitation’; restore the cycle with agriculture
Barrel system
End of the 19th
century:
Feces & urine
collected in barrels
Hygienic ?
The potential for recovery
BW + KW
(tons
per year)
Barrel system
P
3.9*106
Fertilizer
production
(tons per year)
#14.9*106
%
coverage
Energy
equivalent
27
Abraham: ’’what, not yet forbidden….?’’
World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html)
#Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN;
conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .
++anaerobic
treatment: 70%
Van Zon, 1986
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06/10/2014
Recovery and
reuse of nitrogen
needed?
Haber-Bosch
process
78%
N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3
Energy use :
37-45 kJ/g N;
*
..
*Maurer, M., Schwegler, P., and Larsen, T. A. (2003). Nutrients in urine: energetic
aspects of removal and recovery.
Water Science and Technology, 48 (1), 37-46.
The potential for recovery
BW + KW
(tons
per year)
P
3.9*106
Fertilizer
production
(tons per year)
#14.9*106
The potential for recovery
%
coverage
Energy
equivalent
BW + KW
(tons
per year)
27
COD
N
*30.9*106
##121*106
25
World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html)
#Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN;
conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .
280*106
%
coverage
Energy
equivalent
±cooking
energy
69*109
m3 CH4 per
year
1.1*103 PJ/y
++anaerobic
treatment: 70%
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06/10/2014
EET & STOWA supported
New sanitation‘Brouwershuis’
New sanitation ‘Brouwershuis’
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06/10/2014
Modern vacuum
collection and
transport
Black water treatment
Biogas
•
•
comfort
•
water use:1 liter per flush
MP & Pathogens
limited dilution
Sludge
UASB
UASB
(6l/person/day)
•
Local use
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Future:
1l/person/day?
Air
MP & Pathogens
Effluent
Black water treatment
Simultaneous Ca-Phosphate precipitation &
CH4 production in a UASB
Biogas
MP & Pathogens
Sludge
UASB
UASB
Agriculture
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
MP & Pathogens
Granule formation in black water UASB reactor (a) dried granule (b) and inorganic core of
granule (burned at 550"C) (c)
Effluent
Taina H. Tervahauta, Renata D. van der Weijden, Roberta L. Flemming, Luc´ıa Hern´andez Leal, Grietje Zeeman,,Cees J. N. Buisman (submitted)
Calcium phosphate precipitation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Water Research 48 (2 014 ) 632-642
32
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06/10/2014
Simultaneous Ca-Phosphate precipitation &
CH4 production in a UASB
Energy
Liquid Eff.
Sludge
Black Water
NH3-recovery; microbial fuel cell
• migrational ion flux to
the cathode
N,K
orga
-nics
P-granules
• driven by electron
production
• anaerobic degradation
of organic matter in
urine.
Kuntke, P., Śmiech, K.M. , Bruning, H., Zeeman, G., Saakes, M. , Sleutels, T.H.J.A. , Hamelers, H.V.M., Buisman, C.J.N. (2012).
Ammonium recovery and energy production from urine by a microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 46-8, 2627-2636
N & P recovery; microalgae growth on
urine
N & P recovery; microalgae growth on BW
N&P
Agriculture
C
Biogas
Pilot research
DBW
BW
Vacuum
toilet
PBR
UASB
effluent
polishing
Algae
harvesting
- KNAW
NIOONIOO
- KNAW
H 2O
Wetland
Kanjana Tuantet, Marcel Janssen, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman, René H. Wijffels, and Cees J.N. Buisman (2013). Nutrient removal and
microalgal biomass production on urine in a short light-path photobioreactor. Water R e search 5 5, 1 6 2 -1 7 4
Schematic representation of current and future black water according to new sanitation concepts. Adapted from Tania Fernandes, NIOO
8
06/10/2014
Organic Fertiliser production from BW
Black water does not contain
external heavy metal sources,
such as household chemicals.
Organic Fertiliser production from BW
Feces
• main contributor to the heavy
metal loading of vacuum
collected black water (52–84%)
• In sewage the contribution of
feces to heavy metals is less
than 10%.
Taina Tervahautaa,, Sonia Rania, Lucía Hernández Leala,Cees J.N. Buismana, Grietje Zeeman (2014). Black water sludge reuse in agriculture:
Are heavy metals a problem? Journal of Hazardous Materials 274 ; 229–236
(Hyper)-thermophilic anaerobic treatment
(50-70°C); ‘Anaerobic disinfection’
Taina Tervahautaa,, Sonia Rania, Lucía Hernández Leala,Cees J.N. Buismana, Grietje Zeeman (2014). Black water sludge reuse in agriculture:
Are heavy metals a problem? Journal of Hazardous Materials 274 ; 229–236
Future transition
research
The Netherlands:
Energy
Concentrated
Black Water*
Hyperthermophilic
‘Anaerobic
Disinfection’
Pathogens
Liquid Eff.
N,P,K
towards
Sludge
COD
Micro
Pollutants
*Collected
100.000 km sewer
network & 351
WWTPs
DESAH BV
Resource recovery
based sanitation
with improved vacuum toilets
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06/10/2014
Micro-pollutants
(MPs)
Fate MPs in
biological BW- or
GW-treatment
*almost 200 micropollutants from
personal care
products in GW
**190
different
pharmaceutical
substances recorded
Lucia
Marthe
Graaff
TitiaHernandez
de Mes
*Personal care
products in GW
**Pharmaceutical
DESAH BV
*Eriksson, E.; Auffarth, K.; Eilerse, A. M.; Henze, M.; Ledin, A (2003). Household chemicals and personal care products as sources
for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA, 29, 135–146.
**Winker, M., Faika, D., Gulyas, H. and Otterpohl, R. (2008). A comparison of human pharmaceutical concentrations in raw
municipal wastewater and yellow water. Science of the total environment
Conclusies; op terugwinning van
grondstoffen gebaseerde sanitatie
3 ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ toepassingen in Nederland
Ontwikkeling UASB-slibvergisting systeem
residues &
estrogens in BW
*Hernandez Leal L., Vieno, N., Temmink H., Zeeman G., Buisman C.J.N. (2010). Occurrence of Xenobiotics in Grey Water and Removal in Three
Biological Treatment Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44 (17): 6835–6842
**de Graaff, M.S., Vieno, N.M., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G.; Temmink, H.; Buisman, C.J.N. (2011).
Fate of hormones and pharmaceuticals during combined anaerobic treatment and nitrogen removal by nitritation-anammox in vacuum collected
black water. Water Research, Volume 45, Issue 1;
**T.Z.D. de Mes, K. Kujawa-Roeleveld, G. Zeeman and G. Lettinga (2007). Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with microaerobic post-treatment. Water Science & Technology Vol 56 No 5.
Conclusies; op terugwinning van
grondstoffen gebaseerde sanitatie
Verbeteringen ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ in ontwikkeling
Transitie strategie noodzakelijk
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06/10/2014
Op terugwinning van grondstoffen
gebaseerde sanitatie
VRAGEN?
11