14 June 2012
LNG Fuel for Shipping
Clean North Sea Shipping – Conference London
Martin Crawford-Brunt
DNV is a provider of classification, verification and advisory
services to the Oil & Gas, shipping and Energy markets
"What we do"
Classification
Verification
Advisory
Oil &
Gas
"Who
Shipping
we
serve"
Energy
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14 June 2012
NOx abatement
Exhaust Gas
Recirculation
Humid inlet air
Questions:
Removal efficiency
Space/ Weight
Chemicals
Low-NOx engine
Selective Catalytic
Reduction, SCR
Energy
LNG engine
Documentation
Crewing
Answers ?
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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3
NOx Abatement - Selective Catalytic Reactor
Reaction with ammonia as reductant:
4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O
2NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 → 3N2 + 6H2O
Concerns:
Sulphur
Low
may pollute the catalyst
efficiency at low load
Minimum
temperature required
(challenge for 2-stroke)
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
SOx Scrubbing
Efficiency potential:
• >95 % SOx
• >40 % PM
Overboard Discharge of
cleaned water
Scrubbed & re-heated exhaust
gases
Intimate mixing of exhaust
gas and sea water
Separation and Filtration Plant
Sea Water
S.W. Inlet
S.W. to cyclone separator
& heat exchanger
Exhaust Gases
Sludge ashore to
authorised contractor
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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5
IMO - Scrubber discharge regulations
IMO Guidelines for Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems
adopted at MEPC59, including requirements for
monitoring and discharge of wash water
Requires monitoring of:
pH
PAH
Turbidity (suspended particles)
Nitrates
Temperature
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Scrubber principles and systems
Open Loop
Questions:
Waste Stream
Space/ Stability
Chemicals
Closed loop –
with NaOH
Dry scrubber
Vortex / Cyclone
Energy Input
Compliance
’CSNOx’
Crew workload
Open loop – Sea water
SOx 93%
NOx 82%
CO2 74%
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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ECA trading 3 options for SOx removal!
1.1
LNG as fuel
2.2
Scrubbers for exhaust gas purification
3.3
Low sulphur fuel
…or fleet redeployment,
i.e. give up trading in ECAs!
The industry
is here
LNG fuel
Sail
ships
Coal
fuelled Oil fuelled
ships
ships
Scrubber
Low sulphur fuel
1850
2012
NOx demands
2015 2016
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG is supreme for SOx, NOx and PM removal
Applies for a
typical general
cargo ship
3300 kW installed
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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The LNG fuelled fleet in service and on order
Confirmed orderbook
Ships in operation
Year Type of vessel
2000 Car/passenger ferry
2003 PSV
2003 PSV
2006 Car/passenger ferry
2007 Car/passenger ferry
2007 Car/passenger ferry
2007 Car/passenger ferry
2007 Car/passenger ferry
2008 PSV
2009 PSV
2009 Car/passenger ferry
2009 Car/passenger ferry
2009 Car/passenger ferry
2009 Patrol vessel
2009 Car/passenger ferry
2010 Patrol vessel
2010 Car/passenger ferry
2010 Patrol vessel
2010 Car/passenger ferry
2010 Car/passenger ferry
2010 Car/passenger ferry
2011 PSV
2011 Chemical tanker
2011 Car/passenger ferry
2011 PSV
Owner
Fjord1
Simon Møkster
Eidesvik
Fjord1
Fjord1
Fjord1
Fjord1
Fjord1
Eidesvik Shipping
Eidesvik Shipping
Tide Sjø
Tide Sjø
Tide Sjø
REM
Fjord1
REM
Fjord1
REM
Fjord1
Fjord1
Fosen Namsos Sjø
DOF
Tarbit Shipping
Fjord1
Solstad Rederi
Class
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
DNV
GL
DNV
DNV
Engine type
Gas
DF
DF
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
DF
DF
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
DF
DF
Gas
DF
2011 Inland/port tanker
Argonon/Deen
LR
DF
LNG
Fuel for
Shipping
DF=
Dual
Fuel
engine
Year
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2014
Type of vessel
General Cargo
PSV
PSV
PSV
Ro-Ro
Ro-Ro
High speed RoPax
PSV
PSV
PSV
General Cargo
Ro-Ro
Ro-Ro
Car/passenger ferry
Car/passenger ferry
Car/passenger ferry
Car/passenger ferry
RoPax
PSV
PSV
Patrol vessel
Car/passenger ferry
Car/passenger ferry
Planned conversion
Year Type of vessel
2011 Car/passenger ferry
Gas+Diesel= Separate LNG and diesel fuelled engines
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved.
Owner
Class
Nordnorsk Shipping
DNV
Olympic Shipping
DNV
Eidesvik
DNV
Eidesvik
DNV
Sea-Cargo
DNV
Sea-Cargo
DNV
Buquebus
DNV
Island Offshore
DNV
Island Offshore
DNV
REM
DNV
Eidsvaag
Norlines
DNV
Norlines
DNV
Torghatten Nord
DNV
Torghatten Nord
DNV
Torghatten Nord
DNV
Torghatten Nord
DNV
Viking Line
LR
Harvey Gulf Int. Marine ABS
Harvey Gulf Int. Marine ABS
Finish Border Patrol
Society of Quebec ferries
Society of Quebec ferries
Engine type
Gas
DF
DF
DF
Gas
Gas
DF Turbine
Gas+Diesel
Gas+Diesel
DF
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
Owner
Fjord1
Gas
DNV
Gas= Lean burn (mono fuel) LNG engine
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14 June 2012
The technology is available and in use today…
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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2020 guess:
…and there are many confirmed projects:
1000
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG Safety
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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What is LNG
Condensed natural gas
Volume reduced by factor 600 for transportation
LNG is a cryogenic* hydrocarbon liquid.
- Contains mainly methane with traces of LPG and Nitrogen
- SO2, CO2, H2O, C6+ and other contaminants removed to allow for
cooldown without frost formation, lean fuel.
- Normally stored at atmospheric pressure where it boils at -160 deg C
- Heat from surrounding will cause boil off. If boil off is contained the pressure
and temperature will rise. Alternatively the boil off can be re-liquefied.
Density of LNG is approximately 450 kg/ m3
Energy content of
1m3
LNG corresponds to 0.65
m3
diesel
LNG
600 x
Natural gas is flammable (as all fuels)
Natural gas is non toxic
*Very low temperature
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG compared to other Hydrocarbon liquids.
- The combustion characteristics are less
severe than other hydrocarbons
- Ignition requires higher temperatures
compared to other HC
- The cold and dense gas close to the
release and directly above the boiling liquid
pool is too rich for ignition
- Diluted and flammable gas is buoyant
- Burning characteristics are less aggressive
than eg propane; detonations are highly
unlikely
- The cryogenic properties are particular
for LNG and require special attention
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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15
LNG Additional Safety Considerations
Releases can lead to
- frost burns and personnel injuries
- brittle fractures exposed steel
- flammable clouds
- fires and explosions
- RPT (Rapid Phase Transition or “cold explosions”)
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Procedures to safeguard against LNG releases
Safeguards against releases comprise
-
Operational Procedures
Strict requirements to the integrity of the containment to avoid release
Personnel protective equipment
Protection of exposed structures
Fire and gas safeguards comparable with other hydrocarbons
Training related to the safe handling of LNG
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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Competance / Training
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
IGF code development
“Interim Guidelines” finalized by IMO BLG 13 in 2009, resolution MSC.285(86)
- Only for natural gas and internal combustion engines
- Not mandatory
- On going development
Development of the “IGF CODE” has started - proposed
- Include other gases than methane/ natural gas, also low flashpoint liquids
- Include other machinery types like fuel cells, gas turbines etc.
September 2009 putting fuel cell on board
LNG fuelled Viking Lady for testing
(FellowShip project)
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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ISO standard on LNG bunkering
Objective: Develop standard for LNG bunkering equipment and procedures
Initiated June 2011, duration 4-5 years.
Port and bunkering operations for LNG
- Universal standard required
- Address fully safety considerations
20 companies and individuals have already indicated interest for
participation, representing the following countries:
- Norway, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, UK
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Proposal to TC67 WG10 (ISO standardisation on LNG):
A new work Project Team should be established to prepare a new ISO document
addressing:
Guidelines for systems and installations for supply of LNG
as fuel to ships.
The proposal was presented by DNV and supported by all members of the SC
France, Norway, Canada, Brazil, Japan, China indicated paricipation
Norway offered to lead the PT.
The document should be developed as a Technical Specification
The document should be coordinated with the work related to LNG Fuelling systems
for road transport.
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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21
Stakeholder
Projects
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG as fuel experience
Substantial LNG as fuel advisory experience:
- Assisting yards and owners with risk analysis (HAZID and HAZOP) of LNG fuelled vessels, bunkering
operations, operating procedures and onshore LNG plants
- Advisory services to yards, owners, ports and other stakeholders. Technology and market assessments.
Mapping the implementation towards LNG as fuel for ships.
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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23
DNV examples LNG advisory projects
- LNG bunkering in Belgium – feasibility study
- BunGas (JIP) – bunker system for commercial vessel
- Feasibility assessment for LNG bunkering (JIP) – Singapore
- LNG bunkering Ship to Ship (JIP) - Sweden.
- LNG infrastructure in Southeast Asia (JIP)
- Cost efficient ECA compliance for ship operators and mapping transition
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Belgian Ports - Logistics model
Scope:
- To develop a logistics benchmarking model
which enables the client to compare different
logistics concepts for different LNG demand
scenarios in three different ports
i.e.:
- To be used as a decision support* tool
System boundaries:
- From loading of feeder/bunker vessel and truck
at LNG plant until unloaded at the LNG fuelled
ship
- From connection point gas grid/network until
unloaded at the LNG fuelled ship
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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Context of the Study
More stringent air emission requirements for seagoing vessels
One of the possible solutions may be the use of LNG as an alternative fuel for
shipping.
The lack of adequate bunker facilities for LNG appears to be one of the obstacles
for an effective breakthrough of this alternative fuel.
Therefore a study to evaluate the possibilities and options for the organisation and
facilitation of bunkering of LNG in ports has been instigated.
The Flemish Government and the port authorities of Antwerp, Zeebrugge and
Ghent, in cooperation with Fluxys LNG (an operator of the LNG terminal at
Zeebrugge) are the initiators and stakeholders of this study.
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG bunkering station and LNG terminals
Maritime LNG providers:
Gasnor (dominates N Europe)
Nordic LNG (Norway)
Skagerak Energi (Norway)
Barents LNG (Norway)
Gassum OY (Finland)
Clean Energy (USA)
Excelerate Energy (USA)
+ newcomers!
Norway 2010
Baltic Sea 2015?
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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Financial Drivers
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
The cost of fuel seems ever increasing
Fuel costs will not become less
important in the future
Fuel represents the major share of
daily costs for any ship
Ref: PriceWaterhouseCoopers and US Energy Information Administration
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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29
Growing predicted price disparity oil /gas
Increasing distillate
prices (demand/
production)?
Current
LNG fuel
sales
price in
Norway
LNG fuel price
development?
Source: EIA
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG pricing (volume basis)
10-11 USD/mmbtu
4 USD/mmbtu
15-16 USD/mmbtu
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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31
Economic benefits retrofit – Ro-Ro within ECA
Delta PV in MNOK (2010)
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-20
0
20
40
-45
Yard costs
-14
Engine costs
Equipment costs
Loss of income
-40
-19
-28
113
Reduced fuel costs
Reduced other OPEX
22
PV b.t.
29
•Conversion of exiting ro/ro passenger vessel and 17 years remaining
operation.
•LNG at 12$/mmbtu = 570$/ton and 2,4% inflation vs. MGO at 700 $/ton
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG pricing in Norway
Bulk price
MDO
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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Infrastructure
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Small scale LNG distribution in Norway
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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LNG fuel distribution
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Ship to Ship (STS) transfer of LNG
STS an important part of LNG distribution
Operational bunkering process and technical solutions need to be developed
ISO TC67/WG10 are establishing an international standard and guidelines for safe and
time efficient STS LNG bunkering procedures
DNV has been involved in several STS bunkering assessments examples - GOT LNG,
BunGas, North European infrastructure project
This includes concept studies for LNG bunker barges and bunkering vessels
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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37
Ship to ship LNG bunkering project
• Starting point for developing ship to ship
bunkering procedures
• Mitigation measures for Hazids indentified in
the study developed.
• Feasibility study bunkering within 50 minutes
• LNG transfer rate, approx 150 ton (300
m3)/hour
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Many technical solutions developed
Receiving
vessel
Bunker vessel
Bunker port position Bollards position
LNG/Vapour return/Diesel
Lube oil/Sludge
Drip free break away couplings
Spill tray
Mooring plan
Pictures: LNG ship to ship bunker project
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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39
Guideline developed – download
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG Bunkering Example - Coast Centre Base, Ågotnes
Base/ Harbour for vessels and companies serving offshore fields off Norway
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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Location
Kystbasen Ågotnes
Cost Centre Base
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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21
14 June 2012
LNG bunkering station, main components
Jetty with
bunkering
equipment
Shore based
LNG tank
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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Onshore tank arrangement
LNG piping
arranged
underground
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG transfer equipment
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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LNG bunkering checklist for crew
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Supervision from ECR (1)
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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Supervision from ECR (2)
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Gas piping on board
Gas detector in ER
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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49
Ongoing transfer
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
LNG flange
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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51
Coastal oil bunker vessel – with new type LNG tanks!
”A-type” under approval…
Fuel from cargo boil-off
Low cost propulsion
Short engine room
Design: Rolls Royce Merchant Solutions
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Schematic overview of intended bunkering procedure
Total time of operation 1-3 hours in total
Before bunkering
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
During bunkering After bunkering
Call
• Pump start sequence
Arrival
• Transfer sequence
Mooring
• Pump stop sequence
Connect el-grounding
Checklist to receiving ship
ESD cable (Connection link) Typical transfer rates:
Connection hose
Truck: 50 m3/h
Purging, cooling
LNG bunker vsl:
Return of signed checklist
100-200 m3/h
Open manual valves
(LNG carriers: > 1000m3/h)
Ready signal both ships
• Shut manual valves
• Disconnection of hose
• Stripping/purging of cargo line
(receiving ship)
• Disconnection link, el-grounding
• Delivery cargo document
• Un-mooring
• Departure
• Stripping/purging of cargo lines
(bunker ship)
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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Technology and
innovation
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Ready to retrofit an existing vessel for multi-fuel service
The project has been based
on:
MV Maersk Drury – 5044 TEU
Built at HHI Ulsan 2006
Length o.a. 294,1 m
Deadweight 65.965 mt
DNV class
1 Main engine MAN B&W
45.760 KW
- 4 Auxiliary engines MAN
2100 KW each
- 1 Auxiliary Boiler Aalborg
-
Two auxiliary engines and
auxiliary boiler to be modified for
dual fuel operation (gas/HFO)
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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55
Conversion project outline
The principal technical
elements
- Converting cargo hold to a “Gas
Technology Room”
- Additional LNG containers on deck
- Total LNG fuel capacity 240 + 500 m3
- LNG supply via container only
- Efficient bunkering solution
- Minor loss of cargo space
Timeline for completion
- Project started March 2010
- First LNG fuel onboard possible 2012
Limited economical benefit
– at least in the very beginning
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
AiP to LNG Gas Fuelled 9,000TEU Container Carrier
Length overall
Breadth
Draught
LNG fuel tank
: 308.0 m
: 48.4 m
: 14.5 m
: 7,000 m3
A twin island design maximising cargo space available for loading containers.
A two stroke dual-fuel main engine which is electronically controlled with a high
combustion efficiency coupled with a hull form optimised for safety and fuel
efficiency.
The engine may be equipped with an exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR)
which satisfies IMO Tier-3 requirements for voyages in North American and
European Emission Control Areas (ECAs).
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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57
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
AiP to LNG Gas Fuelled 9,000TEU Container Carrier
LNG fuel tank
: 7,000 m3
The LNG is stored in prismatic
low pressure insulated tanks
(Type B).
KHI has also adopted a unique
technology, the Kawasaki
Panel System, for heat
insulation in order to reduce
the rate of evaporation of LNG.
Safety Assessment on gas fuelled ship installation will be conducted with DNV.
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Conceptual: Energy efficient designs, including LNG fuel.
Product carrier (15 000 tdw) with gas fuelled engines
LNG fuel tanks on deck
Fuel capacity: 22 days of operation
LNG tanks on deck!
Source: Stena
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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59
Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) as Fuel
Drive for efficiency, cost reduction, improved energy
efficiency & reduced CO2 emissions
132.8 m LNG fuelled Sea-Cargo vessel able to carry 5,600 tonnes of cargo, with
up to 94 TEU of containers on deck and 1,240 lane-metres of ro-ro capability.
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Innovations of Triality - LNG fuelled
2 stroke slow speed main engines (300 bar pressure gas, dual fuel)
Low pressure dual fuel auxiliary engines (or pure gas fuelled)
Triple fuel boilers (Natural gas, fuel oil, VOC)
MGO as pilot and backup fuel
- No heavy fuel oil installations
- Fulfils ECA requirements also at low load
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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61
LNG tanks
Type C pressure tanks on cargo deck,
2 tanks of 6750 m3 LNG each
- Enough for 25 000 nm
- Insulation on the outside
- Inside deck house
Benefits pressure tanks:
- Simple operation
- Safe tanks
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Availability of LNG as bunkers
25,000 nm range. LNG supply generally in vicinity of crude oil terminals
Evaluated bunkering in the Gulf could be a good option
- LNG available, coupled to Henry Hub long term?
Supplied by LNG bunker ship or bunker barge
LNG price assumed in reference price scenario: 12 USD/ MMbtu (equals a HFO
price of 455 USD/ton, taking energy density into account)
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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63
New generation multipurpose fishing vessel
Improved safety
Purse seine and pelagic trawling
Oil spill, offshore windfarms
LNG propulsion
Improved efficiency
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
10 years of safe operation with LNG fuelled ships
Rules since 2001 for LNG as fuel
* LNG tankers excluded
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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65
LNG - Part of the environmental and commercial solution
Technology exists today, and is proven small scale
Requires proper risk mitigation measures
LNG will be an increasing part of the fuel mix going forward
Potential for modal shift short sea may accelerate adoption
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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14 June 2012
Safeguarding life, property
and the environment
www.dnv.com
LNG Fuel for Shipping
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