Large-scale - Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox

advertisement
Large and Small-scale Incineration
Beat Stauffer, seecon international gmbh
Large and Small-scale Incineration
1
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
Copyright & Disclaimer
Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!
Copyright
Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the opensource concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source
is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in
the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing
organisations.
To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that:
You are free to:
• Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document
• Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this
document.
Under the following conditions:
• Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using.
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation
and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and
the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with
respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Large and Small-scale Incineration
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
Contents
1. Concept
2. How can Incineration optimise SSWM
3. Design Principles (large-scale)
4. Treatment Efficiency (large-scale)
5. Operation and Maintenance
6. Applicability
7. Pros and Cons
8. Design Principles (Small-scale)
9. Treatment Efficiency (Small-scale)
10.Operation and Maintenance (Small-scale)
11.Applicability (Small-scale)
12.Pros and Cons (Small-scale)
13.References
Large and Small-scale Incineration
3
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
1. Concept
Is Incineration Sustainable?
Large-scale
incineration
Small-scale
incineration
Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2002)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
4
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
1. Concept
Is Incineration Sustainable?
• In the hierarchy of
integrated solid waste
management, incineration
is not considered as a very
sustainable method.
• With a highly developed
system, energy recovery is
possible.
• The last desirable is
landfilling (leaching,
smouldering).
• Open burning of waste
must be avoided.
Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2002)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
5
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Negative Effects of Open Burning (and Landfills)
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Heavy air pollution
due to open fires
or smouldering.
Leachate leads to groundwater
contamination.
Large and Small-scale Incineration
6
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Heavy air pollution
due to open fires
or smouldering.
Direct inhalation of
toxic substances by the
local community, dumpor landfill workers.
Source: GREENPEACE (n.y.)
Negative Effects of Open Burning (and Landfills)
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Accumulation of
toxic substances
along the food chain.
Source: KLOHN and FROEHLICH (2011)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
Leachate leads to groundwater
contamination.
7
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Controlled Incineration
Large-scale
incinerators
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Small-scale
incinerators
Large and Small-scale Incineration
8
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Controlled Incineration
Large-scale
incinerators
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Benefits of incineration
• No landfills
necessary
• No leachate
• No open fires
• Less air pollution
• Disinfection (i.e. of
medical waste)
• Break down of some
hazardous chemicals
Small-scale
incinerators
Large and Small-scale Incineration
9
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Controlled Incineration
Large-scale
incinerators
BUT
• Toxic flue gases
• Residual ash still has
to be disposed of
safely
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Small-scale
incinerators
Large and Small-scale Incineration
10
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
3. Design Principles
Which Incineration Technique is Affordable?
Large-scale
incinerators
Small-scale
incinerators
• Big loads (50 - 1000 tons/day)
• Small loads (12 – 100 kg/hour)
• Size of waste does not matter
• Requires small-sized waste or it
has to be shredded before
• Waste-to-Energy
• Experts for O&M
• Expensive
• Can be built with local available
material
• Pre-fabricated products
• Trained labours for O&M
Large and Small-scale Incineration
11
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
3. Design Principles (Large-scale)
Mass-burn Incinerator
1. Holding area
2. Grabbed and dropped into a
hopper
3. Incinerator (approx. 800 ºC), 50
to 1000 tons per day
4. Waste-to-Energy system
(boilersteamturbine)
5. Collection point for heavy ash,
extraction of metals
6. Scrubber reactor for the
extracton hazardous pollutants
(e.g. SO2 and dioxins)
7. Fine particulate removal system
8. Chimney
to Nr. 6
from
Nr. 5
Source: BBC (2009)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
12
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
3. Design Principle (Large-scale)
Fluidised-bed Incinerator
• Bed of limestone or sand
• Circulating or bubbling technology
• Capacity of 50 to 150 tons/day
• Energy recovery system applicable
The scheme of a fluidised-bed incinerator
(bubbling bed). Source: EISENMANN (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
13
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
3. Design Principles (Large-scale)
Modular Incinerator
• Prefabricated modules, in
general 1 – 4 units
• Capacity of 5 to 120 tons/day
and unit
• Energy recovery system
applicable
• Used in smaller communities
• 1st chamber: low interior gas
velocities under controlled
temperature conditions
• 2nd chamber: completes the
oxidation reactions of the
combustible products
Large and Small-scale Incineration
Source: UNEP (2005)
14
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
3. Design Principles (Large-scale)
Sludge Incineration
• Reduces the volume of dried sludge
• Destroys pathogens and toxic organic chemicals
• Solution if there is no land available for sludge disposal
A possible design how sewage sludge incineration can be integrated in a MSW
incineration plant. Source: PUTZMEISTER (2000) and WASTEWATER SYSTEMS (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
15
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
4. Treatment Efficiency (Large-scale)
Pollution Removal
• Weight reduction up to 75 %.
• Volume reduction up to 90 %.
• Breaks down some hazardous, non-metallic organic wastes.
• Destroys bacteria and viruses.
• Efficient flue gas cleaning systems.
Health Aspects and Pollution
• Complex air pollution control system.
• Risk of environmental pollution or health risk from modern facilities
are low.
Large and Small-scale Incineration
16
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
5. Operation and Maintenance (Large-scale)
• Maintenance and servicing by trained technicians.
• When incineration is done in a manner that has low adverse health
and environmental impacts it is expensive.
• When it is done poorly (with low financial costs) it can be expensive
in terms of human health and environmental impacts.
Control room of a waste incineration plant. Source: MAUELL (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
17
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
6. Applicability (Large-scale)
• Where land for landfilling is scarce
• Where technical know-how is available
• Where capital costs as well costs for O&M can be covered
Waste incineration plant in Switzerland. Source: GEVAG (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
18
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
7. Pros and Cons (Large-scale)
Advantages:
Disdvantages:
• No landfills required
• High investment, operation and
maintenance costs
• Substantial reduction of the
weight (up to 75%) and volume
(up to 90%) of solid waste
• Waste-to-energy (production of
electricity and heat)
• Disinfection
• Some hazardous chemicals are
destroyed
• Some precious elements (e.g.
metals, phosphorus may be
recovered from the ashes)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
• Risk of emissions which
endanger human health and
environment (gases, leaching
into groundwater)
• Loss of organic substances such
as kitchen waste or green
waste from gardening
(compared to composting)
19
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
8. Design Principles (Small-scale)
Low-cost Medical Waste Incinerator
• Simple two-chamber incinerator
• Temperatures of 800 ºC or higher
• Capacity of 15 kg/hour
• Locally constructed with bricks
and steel components
Source: PRACTICAL ACTION (2000)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
20
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
8. Design Principles (Small-scale)
Pre-fabricated Products
• Several types
• Capacity of 12 - 100 kg/hour
• All kind of wastes (e.g. medical,
slaughter, household waste)
• In every location possible (e.g.
small community, hospital, farm,
truck stop)
• Capacity of 12 - 100 kg/hour
Source: INCINER8 (2004) and MAVI DENZ (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
21
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
9. Treatment Efficiency (Small-scale)
Pollution Removal
• Significant weight reduction and volume reduction.
• Breaks down some hazardous, non-metallic organic wastes.
• Destroys bacteria and viruses.
• Modern designs avoid toxic emissions.
Health Aspects and Pollution
• Risk of environmental pollution or health risk from are much lower
than open burning of waste.
• No more waste piles and backyard burning.
• Operator should wear protection equipment during operation and
maintenance.
Large and Small-scale Incineration
22
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
10. Operation and Maintenance (Small-scale)
• Operator must be trained for the incinerator in use. This avoids
accidents, injuries and damages.
• Protection equipment during O&M is required: heat resistant gloves
and boots, a respirator mask, safety goggles, clothes that cover the
body and a helmet.
• It is important that the incinerator reaches the optimal temperature
for an optimal performance.
• Regular inspection and to enlarge
the life cycle and avoid damages
are necessary.
Source: PATH (2010)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
23
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
11. Applicability (Small-scale)
• It is applicable in every location for almost all kinds of waste.
• It especially avoids open burning, littering in the streets and helps
to make harmful (medical) waste non-toxic.
Source: HEALING TALKS (2008)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
24
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
12. Pros and Cons (Small-scale)
Example of a comparison…
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
• No landfills required
• Risk of emissions which
endanger human health and
environment (flue gas)
• Substantial reduction of weight
and volume of solid waste
• Breaks down chemical toxics
and destroys pathogens (e.g.
medical waste)
• There are many different
products in all price ranges
Large and Small-scale Incineration
• Loss of organic substances such
as kitchen waste or green
waste from gardening
• Risk of malfunction if operators
are not instructed
25
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
13. References
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (Editor) (2002): Study on Solid Waste Management Options for Africa. Abidjan: African Development Bank. URL:
http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d1354356/SOLID%2520WASTE%2520MANAGEMENT%2520STUDY.pdf [13.03.2012]
BBC (Editor) (2009): Burn Baby Burn. London: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). URL:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7872037.stm [Accessed: 14.03.2012]
EISENMANN (Editor) (n.y.): Waste Disposal - Eisenmann Fluidized Bed Incineration. Holzgerlingen: EISENMANN Anlagenbau GmbH & Co. URL:
http://www.eisenmann.com/en/products-and-services/environmental-technology/waste-disposal/fluidized-bed-incineration.html
[13.03.2012]
GEVAG (n.y.): Fotogalerie. Untervaz: GEVAG. URL: http://gevag.ch/index.php?id=95 [Accessed 21.03.2008]
GREENPEACE (Editor) (2008): Poisoning the poor – Electronic Waste in Ghana. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. URL:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/poisoning-the-poor-electroni/ [Accessed 19.03.2008]
GREENPEACE (Editor) (n.y): Children scavenging on Smokey Mountain. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. URL:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/multimedia/photos/children-scavenging-on-smokey/ [Accessed 21.03.2008]
HEALING TALKS (Editor) (2011): Rise in Medical Waste – an Increasing Global Crisis. http://www.healingtalks.com/health/rise-in-medicalwaste-an-increasing-global-crisis/ [Accessed: 22.03.2012]
KLOHN, A.; FROEHLICH, V. (2011): Labor entdeckt 77-mal mehr Dioxin als erlaubt. Welt Online. URL:
http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article12031411/Labor-entdeckt-77-mal-mehr-Dioxin-als-erlaubt.html [Accessed 21.03.2008]
MAUELL (n.y.): Gallery - Control Room Design. Wiltshire: Helmut Mauell Limited. URL: http://www.mauell.co.uk/gallery/control-room/
[Accessed 21.03.2008]
PATH (Editor) (2010): The Incinerator Guidebook. A Practical Guide for Selecting, Purchasing, Installing, Operating and Maintaining Small-Scale
Incinerators in Low-Resource Settings. Seattle: PATH. URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=9JH3Xec6tjI
[19.03.2012]
PRACTICAL ACTION (Editor) (2000): Low-Cost Medical Waste Incinerator. Rugby: Practical Action. URL:
http://www.daenvis.org/waste%20management/medical_waste_incinerator.pdf [Accessed: 19.03.2012]
PUTZMEISTER (2000): Sewage Sludge Incineration with Household Rubbish. Aichtal: Putzmeister Holding GmbH. URL:
http://www.putzmeister.es/pm_spain/data/IP_3049_GB.pdf [Accessed: 14.03.2012]
UNEP (Editor) (2005): Solid Waste Management. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). URL:
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/spc/solid_waste_management/index.asp [13.03.2012]
WASTEWATER SYSTEM (n.y): Wastewater Sludge Incineration Technologies. WasteWater System. URL:
http://www.wastewatersystem.net/2011/02/wastewater-sludge-incineration.html [Accessed: 14.03.2012]
Large and Small-scale Incineration
26
“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agriculture”
SSWM is an
initiative
supported by:
Created
by:
Enter the title of your presentation here (go to view  master (THIS TITLE YOU NEED TO ENETER ON BOTH MASTERS: TITLE PAGE MASTER
AND NORMAL PAGE MASTER and FINAL PAGE MASTER)
27
Download