Large and Small-scale Incineration
Beat Stauffer, seecon international gmbh
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Contents
1. Concept
2. How can Incineration optimise SSWM
3. Design Principles (large-scale)
4. Treatment Efficiency (large-scale)
5. Operation and Maintenance
6. Applicability
7. Pros and Cons
8. Design Principles (Small-scale)
9. Treatment Efficiency (Small-scale)
10.Operation and Maintenance (Small-scale)
11.Applicability (Small-scale)
12.Pros and Cons (Small-scale)
13.References
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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1. Concept
Is Incineration Sustainable?
Large-scale
incineration
Small-scale
incineration
Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2002)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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1. Concept
Is Incineration Sustainable?
• In the hierarchy of
integrated solid waste
management, incineration
is not considered as a very
sustainable method.
• With a highly developed
system, energy recovery is
possible.
• The last desirable is
landfilling (leaching,
smouldering).
• Open burning of waste
must be avoided.
Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2002)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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2. How it can optimise SSWM
Negative Effects of Open Burning (and Landfills)
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Heavy air pollution
due to open fires
or smouldering.
Leachate leads to groundwater
contamination.
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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2. How it can optimise SSWM
Heavy air pollution
due to open fires
or smouldering.
Direct inhalation of
toxic substances by the
local community, dumpor landfill workers.
Source: GREENPEACE (n.y.)
Negative Effects of Open Burning (and Landfills)
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Accumulation of
toxic substances
along the food chain.
Source: KLOHN and FROEHLICH (2011)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
Leachate leads to groundwater
contamination.
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2. How it can optimise SSWM
Controlled Incineration
Large-scale
incinerators
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Small-scale
incinerators
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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2. How it can optimise SSWM
Controlled Incineration
Large-scale
incinerators
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Benefits of incineration
• No landfills
necessary
• No leachate
• No open fires
• Less air pollution
• Disinfection (i.e. of
medical waste)
• Break down of some
hazardous chemicals
Small-scale
incinerators
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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2. How it can optimise SSWM
Controlled Incineration
Large-scale
incinerators
BUT
• Toxic flue gases
• Residual ash still has
to be disposed of
safely
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Small-scale
incinerators
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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3. Design Principles
Which Incineration Technique is Affordable?
Large-scale
incinerators
Small-scale
incinerators
• Big loads (50 - 1000 tons/day)
• Small loads (12 – 100 kg/hour)
• Size of waste does not matter
• Requires small-sized waste or it
has to be shredded before
• Waste-to-Energy
• Experts for O&M
• Expensive
• Can be built with local available
material
• Pre-fabricated products
• Trained labours for O&M
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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3. Design Principles (Large-scale)
Mass-burn Incinerator
1. Holding area
2. Grabbed and dropped into a
hopper
3. Incinerator (approx. 800 ºC), 50
to 1000 tons per day
4. Waste-to-Energy system
(boilersteamturbine)
5. Collection point for heavy ash,
extraction of metals
6. Scrubber reactor for the
extracton hazardous pollutants
(e.g. SO2 and dioxins)
7. Fine particulate removal system
8. Chimney
to Nr. 6
from
Nr. 5
Source: BBC (2009)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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3. Design Principle (Large-scale)
Fluidised-bed Incinerator
• Bed of limestone or sand
• Circulating or bubbling technology
• Capacity of 50 to 150 tons/day
• Energy recovery system applicable
The scheme of a fluidised-bed incinerator
(bubbling bed). Source: EISENMANN (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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3. Design Principles (Large-scale)
Modular Incinerator
• Prefabricated modules, in
general 1 – 4 units
• Capacity of 5 to 120 tons/day
and unit
• Energy recovery system
applicable
• Used in smaller communities
• 1st chamber: low interior gas
velocities under controlled
temperature conditions
• 2nd chamber: completes the
oxidation reactions of the
combustible products
Large and Small-scale Incineration
Source: UNEP (2005)
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3. Design Principles (Large-scale)
Sludge Incineration
• Reduces the volume of dried sludge
• Destroys pathogens and toxic organic chemicals
• Solution if there is no land available for sludge disposal
A possible design how sewage sludge incineration can be integrated in a MSW
incineration plant. Source: PUTZMEISTER (2000) and WASTEWATER SYSTEMS (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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4. Treatment Efficiency (Large-scale)
Pollution Removal
• Weight reduction up to 75 %.
• Volume reduction up to 90 %.
• Breaks down some hazardous, non-metallic organic wastes.
• Destroys bacteria and viruses.
• Efficient flue gas cleaning systems.
Health Aspects and Pollution
• Complex air pollution control system.
• Risk of environmental pollution or health risk from modern facilities
are low.
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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5. Operation and Maintenance (Large-scale)
• Maintenance and servicing by trained technicians.
• When incineration is done in a manner that has low adverse health
and environmental impacts it is expensive.
• When it is done poorly (with low financial costs) it can be expensive
in terms of human health and environmental impacts.
Control room of a waste incineration plant. Source: MAUELL (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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6. Applicability (Large-scale)
• Where land for landfilling is scarce
• Where technical know-how is available
• Where capital costs as well costs for O&M can be covered
Waste incineration plant in Switzerland. Source: GEVAG (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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7. Pros and Cons (Large-scale)
Advantages:
Disdvantages:
• No landfills required
• High investment, operation and
maintenance costs
• Substantial reduction of the
weight (up to 75%) and volume
(up to 90%) of solid waste
• Waste-to-energy (production of
electricity and heat)
• Disinfection
• Some hazardous chemicals are
destroyed
• Some precious elements (e.g.
metals, phosphorus may be
recovered from the ashes)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
• Risk of emissions which
endanger human health and
environment (gases, leaching
into groundwater)
• Loss of organic substances such
as kitchen waste or green
waste from gardening
(compared to composting)
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8. Design Principles (Small-scale)
Low-cost Medical Waste Incinerator
• Simple two-chamber incinerator
• Temperatures of 800 ºC or higher
• Capacity of 15 kg/hour
• Locally constructed with bricks
and steel components
Source: PRACTICAL ACTION (2000)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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8. Design Principles (Small-scale)
Pre-fabricated Products
• Several types
• Capacity of 12 - 100 kg/hour
• All kind of wastes (e.g. medical,
slaughter, household waste)
• In every location possible (e.g.
small community, hospital, farm,
truck stop)
• Capacity of 12 - 100 kg/hour
Source: INCINER8 (2004) and MAVI DENZ (n.y.)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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9. Treatment Efficiency (Small-scale)
Pollution Removal
• Significant weight reduction and volume reduction.
• Breaks down some hazardous, non-metallic organic wastes.
• Destroys bacteria and viruses.
• Modern designs avoid toxic emissions.
Health Aspects and Pollution
• Risk of environmental pollution or health risk from are much lower
than open burning of waste.
• No more waste piles and backyard burning.
• Operator should wear protection equipment during operation and
maintenance.
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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10. Operation and Maintenance (Small-scale)
• Operator must be trained for the incinerator in use. This avoids
accidents, injuries and damages.
• Protection equipment during O&M is required: heat resistant gloves
and boots, a respirator mask, safety goggles, clothes that cover the
body and a helmet.
• It is important that the incinerator reaches the optimal temperature
for an optimal performance.
• Regular inspection and to enlarge
the life cycle and avoid damages
are necessary.
Source: PATH (2010)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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11. Applicability (Small-scale)
• It is applicable in every location for almost all kinds of waste.
• It especially avoids open burning, littering in the streets and helps
to make harmful (medical) waste non-toxic.
Source: HEALING TALKS (2008)
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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12. Pros and Cons (Small-scale)
Example of a comparison…
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
• No landfills required
• Risk of emissions which
endanger human health and
environment (flue gas)
• Substantial reduction of weight
and volume of solid waste
• Breaks down chemical toxics
and destroys pathogens (e.g.
medical waste)
• There are many different
products in all price ranges
Large and Small-scale Incineration
• Loss of organic substances such
as kitchen waste or green
waste from gardening
• Risk of malfunction if operators
are not instructed
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13. References
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (Editor) (2002): Study on Solid Waste Management Options for Africa. Abidjan: African Development Bank. URL:
http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d1354356/SOLID%2520WASTE%2520MANAGEMENT%2520STUDY.pdf [13.03.2012]
BBC (Editor) (2009): Burn Baby Burn. London: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). URL:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7872037.stm [Accessed: 14.03.2012]
EISENMANN (Editor) (n.y.): Waste Disposal - Eisenmann Fluidized Bed Incineration. Holzgerlingen: EISENMANN Anlagenbau GmbH & Co. URL:
http://www.eisenmann.com/en/products-and-services/environmental-technology/waste-disposal/fluidized-bed-incineration.html
[13.03.2012]
GEVAG (n.y.): Fotogalerie. Untervaz: GEVAG. URL: http://gevag.ch/index.php?id=95 [Accessed 21.03.2008]
GREENPEACE (Editor) (2008): Poisoning the poor – Electronic Waste in Ghana. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. URL:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/poisoning-the-poor-electroni/ [Accessed 19.03.2008]
GREENPEACE (Editor) (n.y): Children scavenging on Smokey Mountain. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. URL:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/multimedia/photos/children-scavenging-on-smokey/ [Accessed 21.03.2008]
HEALING TALKS (Editor) (2011): Rise in Medical Waste – an Increasing Global Crisis. http://www.healingtalks.com/health/rise-in-medicalwaste-an-increasing-global-crisis/ [Accessed: 22.03.2012]
KLOHN, A.; FROEHLICH, V. (2011): Labor entdeckt 77-mal mehr Dioxin als erlaubt. Welt Online. URL:
http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article12031411/Labor-entdeckt-77-mal-mehr-Dioxin-als-erlaubt.html [Accessed 21.03.2008]
MAUELL (n.y.): Gallery - Control Room Design. Wiltshire: Helmut Mauell Limited. URL: http://www.mauell.co.uk/gallery/control-room/
[Accessed 21.03.2008]
PATH (Editor) (2010): The Incinerator Guidebook. A Practical Guide for Selecting, Purchasing, Installing, Operating and Maintaining Small-Scale
Incinerators in Low-Resource Settings. Seattle: PATH. URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=9JH3Xec6tjI
[19.03.2012]
PRACTICAL ACTION (Editor) (2000): Low-Cost Medical Waste Incinerator. Rugby: Practical Action. URL:
http://www.daenvis.org/waste%20management/medical_waste_incinerator.pdf [Accessed: 19.03.2012]
PUTZMEISTER (2000): Sewage Sludge Incineration with Household Rubbish. Aichtal: Putzmeister Holding GmbH. URL:
http://www.putzmeister.es/pm_spain/data/IP_3049_GB.pdf [Accessed: 14.03.2012]
UNEP (Editor) (2005): Solid Waste Management. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). URL:
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/spc/solid_waste_management/index.asp [13.03.2012]
WASTEWATER SYSTEM (n.y): Wastewater Sludge Incineration Technologies. WasteWater System. URL:
http://www.wastewatersystem.net/2011/02/wastewater-sludge-incineration.html [Accessed: 14.03.2012]
Large and Small-scale Incineration
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