Transportation
Introduction
Anil V. Kantak
Introduction
Anil V. Kantak
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•Transportation System:
Transportation system consists of:
•Fixed facilities
•The flow entities
•Control system
Transportation system allows people
and goods to overcome friction of geographic
space (going from point A to point B)
efficiently to participate in a timely manner in
some activity.
•Fixed Facilities:
These are physical components of the
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system that are fixed in space and constitute
network of links. Fixed facilities include the
roadways, railway tracks, pipes etc. They also
include intersections, transit terminals,
interchanges,
harbors
and
airports.
Construction of the fixed facilities is a subject
of civil engineering.
•Flow Entities:
Flow entities are units that traverse fixed
facilities. They include vehicles, container
units, cars, railroad cars etc. In case of
highways (freeways) as a fixed facility it is
expected accommodate a wide variety of
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vehicle types, ranging from motor bicycles to
larger tractor trailer combinations.
CONTROL
SYSTEM
VEHICULAR
CONTROL
FLOW
CONTROL
The control system consists of vehicular
control and flow control that keeps the people
achieve their activity goals.
•Vehicular Control:
This refers to the method and technology used
to guide individual vehicles on the fixed
facilities
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Introduction
Anil V. Kantak
to achieve a particular goal. Vehicular
control must incorporate in it the proper
geometric design of fixed facilities in
addition to the vehicular attributes.
• Flow Control:
This refers to method that permits the
efficient and smooth operation of
streams of the vehicles. The method
also minimizes conflicts between
vehicles. This system includes various
types of signing, marking, and the
signal systems and the underlying rules
of their operation.
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•Transportation Demand:
Demand for transportation is either derived or
indirect.
Transportation
systems
are
generated to serve transportation needs of
community. Community needs to go to
school, college, work, shopping, visiting
people etc. This creates demand of
transportation. All these activities have a
schedule to fit to. Community needs to
efficiently supply for these needs. Efficiently
means a balance between needs and cost of
construction,
environmental
effects,
convenience, etc. Many different types of
professional such as social scientist and
psychiatrists are needed to strike the right
balance.
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Introduction
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• Transportation System Classifications:
Transportation systems may be classified
according to:
•Type of Technology Used
•Gasoline
•Diesel
•Electric
Flow Entities
•Combination
•Cement Concrete
•Tar
•Combination
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Fixed Facilities
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•Type of Service They Provide:
•Goods Transport
•Community Needs
•School
•Shopping
•General Transportation needs
•Ownership / Responsibility of Operation and
Maintenance
All these different ways of looking at the
transportation system are necessary when
making different types of transportation
related decisions.
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Transportation
systems
can
also
be
characterized according to medium on which
flow elements of the system are supported.
These are commonly referred as modes.
•Land Transportation
•Highways, Roads, Streets etc.
•Rail Roads.
•Air Transportation
•Domestic
•International
•Water Transportation
•Inland
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•Coastal
•Ocean
•Pipe Lines
•Oil
•Gas
•Other
Transportation services are classified as
•For hire (also called “Public”): The name
refers to their availability to general public as
well as to private parties and does not refer to
their ownership. E.g., the public bus system
may be publicly owned or privately owned
but it is available to the general public as well10
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as private parties alike.
•Not for Hire (Also called “Private”)
•Common Carrier
•Contract Carrier
•Mass Transportation (Also called Mass Transit)
This usually refers to common carriage of
passengers such as taxis, car rentals etc.
•Urban Transportation Systems:
•Pedestrian Oriented (Initial modern era)
•Water Based (Only a few places have it)
•Animal Driven (Earlier centuries)
•Rail Supported Electric Streetcars
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• Commuter Railroads (From city to city)
• Heavy Rail Rapid Transit System
• Underground rail system
• Internal Combustion Engine
• Ignition Compression Engines
• Compression Ignition Engines
• Busses and Automobiles
Some terms in development of public
transport system
• Rapid Transit:
Refers to all exclusive right of way systems
• Fixed Guide way Transit: This is a
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Introductionsystem in which
Anil V.the
Kantak vehicles are fixed to
This includes all monorail systems and two
rail (dual rail) systems. The system may or
may not have an operator on board.
•Articulated Systems: These are systems in
which flow units can be connected to form
trains. An articulated bus is two buses
connected together with a flexible joint. This
arrangement is called “Bandy Bus”.
•Dual Mode Systems: Systems in which
vehicles can operate in manual control mode
or an automatic mode.
•Demand Responsive Systems: System that
employ flexibility in route or time scheduling
to respond to actualAnildemand
placed on them.13
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•Role of Government:
It is an organization consisting of rules of
conduct, the collective decision making
process and enforcing the rules that attempt
to impart social and economic order and to
maintain a cohesiveness of the society.
•transportation
system
provides
connectivity between activity centers that
enhances interaction between people.
•Advances in transportation system spurs
evolution of civilization. In ancient times also
the cities developed near or around
transportation routes, nodes etc. for
commerce.
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•Transportation is key to industrialization.
The raw material need to be brought to
factories and then the product of factories
need to be distributed to the world.
•Because of the profound role
transportation plays in the society,
government have always become involved
in the provision, operation, and regulation
of transportation systems through the
establishment
of
public
planning
processes.
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The specific actions of a government and
method by which it chooses to implement
these actions reflect the contemporary values
system of the society it represents.
•Instruments of Government Involvement
Government intervenes in market place to
accomplish objectives that are in public’s
interest. These methods of government
intervention are:
•Soft Promotion:
This refers to attempts made by government to
encourage or to discourage certain situations
without legally requiring them to do so.
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e.g., an advertising campaign favoring car
pooling to reduce rush hour congestion and a
reduced energy consumption.
•Regulation:
This refers to those government actions that
place legal requirements on individuals in
public interest. An example of this is the seat
belt law in the state of California, engine
efficiency standards to reduce pollution in
the environment.
•Investment:
This involves the financial support , public
financing or even public ownership of various
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systems or services. Subsides to privately
owned services to ensure service to mobility
disadvantaged group.
•Tools and Applications:
•Need Basic Sciences
•Mathematics
•Computer Programming
•Applications are served by these things
•Well Informed Decision Making
•Practical Approximation
•Changing the System Design as more
Experience is Gained
•Clear Understanding of the Problem
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Mathematical Models:
Engineers employ models to study and analyze
the system of concern.
MODELS
PHYSICAL
STATIC
DYNAMIC
MATHEMATICAL
STATIC
DYNAMIC
ANALYTIC
ANALYTIC
NUMERIC
NUMERIC
SIMULATION
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Models represent a part of reality in some
manner.
Static models represent the structure of a
system while dynamic models represent
structure of a system as well as incorporate a
representation of the system’s process, the
way in which the system changes over time.
Models are abstraction of systems they
represent. Since they are approximation of
the system, a number of models for the
system may exist. Selection of the model of
system must strike a balance between ease
of application and degree of reality
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represented by the model. As an example,
motion of a body can be well modeled by
Newtonian mechanics, however modeling the
motion of a particle in a particle accelerator
may need the Einstein’s theory of relativity.
•Components of Mathematical Models:
Mathematical model can have one of many
forms
linear,
non-linear,
exponential,
logarithmic, differential, integral etc. One
needs to postulate the model which is simply
selecting a mathematical form. Consider the
following mathematical model:
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Y  aX  Z  W
b
c
d
X, Z, and Z are called the independent
variables. They can take any values in the
given set of values. Once the X, Z, and W are
decided and the constants a, b, and c are
given values, Y can be evaluated. Y is called
the dependent variable. The constants a, b,
and, c are called the parameter of the model.
Model Calibration:
This is the process by which numerical
values of the parameters of the model are
determined. This is many times done by using
statistical methods and is dependent on the 22
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Anil V. Kantak
Experimental knowledge of the dependent and
independent variables of the model. I = 1, 2,
…,N experiments are done to obtain Xi, Yi, Zi,
and Wi values. These are used to evaluate
parameters that will yield the same value for
observed dependent variable Yi.
Model Validation:
This refers to testing of a calibrated model
using empirical data other than those used for
calibration. If the model bears out then it may
be used. If it does not then some changes may
need to be implemented. Even if the model is
changed, the model may still be useful but in a
limited
way.
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Anil V. Kantak
•Transportation Models:
The transportation system involves a
physical phenomenon, the motion of the flow
entities on the fixed facilities. Since human
presence is there inevitably, the model
should account for the human behavior and
human factor. The lines of demarcation
between human factor and human behavior
and human factor is not very clear, human
behavior is in a continuous state of flux and
is influenced by the technological changes.
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