Caltex International Ltd.
Mold Remediation Training
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Effects of Mold
Differences Between Biocides, Cleaners,
Encapsulants, Cleaners, and Cal-Brite
Site Inspection
How to Perform Sampling
Setting Up the Work Site
PPE
Remediation
Mold Remediation Training
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Post Remediation Testing
Disposal and Discarding of Items
Pricing and Marketing
Summary
What Are Some Problems Mold Can
Cause?
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Mold destroys the surface it grows on. Remember,
mold is an organism whose job it is to cause decay.
Mold can be multi-colored, wet and mushy, furry
looking, and smelly.
Exposure to mold spores can cause respiratory distress,
illness, and allergic reactions of various severities based
on the individual, length of exposure, and the amount
of exposure.
In areas of mold infestation there is often a strong
musty odor and dank air quality.
All About Mold
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Mold can be found virtually everywhere. They can
grow on almost any organic substance as long as
moisture and oxygen are present. Many types of
mold grow on wood, paper, carpet, food, and
insulation. When excess moisture is present in a
building or its associated structures, mold growth
will often occur, especially if the problem causing
the mold is not corrected. While, eliminating all
mold spores in the indoor environment is not
realistic, it can be controlled indoors by controlling
the moisture levels and removing already present
mold.
All About Mold
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Mold spores reproduce by creating spores that
are generally not visible to the naked eye. Mold
spores float through the air on a regular basis.
When the spores land on a wet spot indoors or
outdoors, they begin growing and eating
whatever they are growing on in order to
survive. Molds over time destroy what they grow
on because their food is many of your
household materials that contain cellulose.
All About Mold
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Mold requires water to grow in. This may take the form of a
puddle, flowing leak, or even very slight dampness. Therefore, it
is important to prevent moisture problems in building. Moisture
problems can have multiple causes such as uncontrolled
humidity, leaks etc. Other moisture problems have been linked to
changes in building construction practices over the last several
decades. Some of these changes have resulted in buildings that
are tightly closed. They often do not have sufficient ventilation.
In many instances this has led to moisture and mold problems.
Moisture problems can include roof leaks, landscaping problems
such as insufficient grading, and leaking gutter problems, pipe
condensation, cracked foundations, and unvented combustion
appliances. Delayed maintenance or insufficient maintenance are
also associated with moisture problems in buildings.
What Are the Major Types of Mold?
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Stachybotrys (stack-ee-BOT-ris) is member of the mold family. This
particular member is known to produce airborne toxins. Some of the
symptoms that Stachybotris produces are breathing problems, faintness,
memory loss, hearing loss, and flulike symptoms.
Two other commonly found mold types are Cladosporium and Penicillium.
These molds can grow quickly and produce enough spores and intensity to
cause allergic reactions. These reaction include asthma, breathing problems,
sinus infections, headaches, coughing, and eye and throat irritation.
There are two types of mold, Memnoniella and Aspergillus versicolor, which
are known for producing airborne toxins. Airborne toxins are technically
termed mycotoxins. These can cause much more severe problems among
which are chronic fatigue, loss of balance and memory, irritability and
difficulty speaking.
Adverse Symptoms of Mold
Exposure
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Asthma
Eye irritation
Rhinitis
Coughing
Chest Congestion
Flu Like Symptoms
Lung Damage
Memory Loss
Fever
More
Mold, mildew, and algae can be
found in the following places:
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HUD buildings
Schools
Trailers
Garages
Restaurants
Retail Establishments
Residences
Institutions
Out buildings
All types of both commercial and residential facilities.
There are a myriad of types of mold that possess different
characteristics but the basic modus operandi of mold is the
same.
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Mold requires a food source: cellulose, found in
building materials such as wood, drywall, wallboard,
wallpaper, paper. and others.
Mold processes oxygen and needs it to live.
Mold cannot grow and reproduce without access to a
water source whether it is a leak or pool of water.
The only means of eliminating a mold problem is to
address the source of the leak or moisture problem.
However, keep in mind that not all mold spores (like
seeds) can be eliminated post remediation.
Mold Facts
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Molds can be found almost anywhere. They can grow
on most surfaces where moisture is found. Molds can
grow on papers, wallpaper, wallboard, carpets, woods,
food and other surfaces.
Be sure to reduce indoor humidity to 30-60% to reduce
mold growth. This can be done by using dehumidifiers,
using exhaust fans, air conditions, and fans in cooking,
laundry, and bathing areas.
Fix the source of the moisture problem or mold will
continue to recur.
Mold causes health issues such as allergic reactions,
asthma, and many respiratory problems.
Mold Facts
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All mold cannot be eliminated so it is essential to control
moisture by eliminating moisture problems and leaks.
Be sure to thoroughly dry any wet or even damp building
materials within no more than 48 hours to prevent mold growth.
Prevent condensation on cold surfaces such as windows, pipes,
exterior walls, roofs, and floors by installing insulation wherever
possible.
Clean mold off the surfaces using the Caltex System but be
aware that if the surface is absorbent and the mold infestation is
severe, you may have to replace part or all of the surface.
Mold Facts
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Do not install carpet in areas where there have
been moisture problems or where moisture is
present such as bathroom, near drinking
fountains, sections of piping, or sinks. This
removes a food source and ensures easier
cleanup. It also prevents potential destruction of
materials. Remember, an ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure.
How Can I Prevent Mold From
Growing?
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Fix leaky plumbing and leaks in the building ASAP
Watch for condensation and wet spots. Fix the moisture
source ASAP.
Prevent moisture due to condensation by increasing
surface temperature or reducing the moisture level in
the air. To increase the surface temperature, insulate or
increase air circulation. To reduce the moisture level in
air, repair leaks, increase ventilation (if air outside is
cold and dry) or dehumidify (if outdoor air is warm and
humid).
Keep heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
drip pans clean, flowing properly, and unobstructed.
How Can I Prevent Mold From
Growing?
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Vent moisture generating appliances such as dryers to
the outside where possible.
Maintain low indoor humidity, below 60% relative
humidity, ideally 30-50%, if possible.
Perform regular HVAC building inspections and
maintenance as scheduled.
Clean and dry wet or damp spots within 48 hours.
Do not let foundations stay wet. Provide drainage and
slope ground away from the foundation. Fix
foundation cracks and waterproof basements. Ensuring
proper external grading is also crucial.
How Can I Control Moisture to
Prevent Mold?
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You must fix leaks. If moisture is coming into the
home from outside, for example seeping into the
basement, you could landscape and ensure that the
ground slopes away from the house or perform
basement excavation and waterproofing. water
problems in the basement can result from no gutter or
poorly installed gutters or water flowing toward the
home and basement. Pipe leaks create a place for mold
to grow. Often leaks from pipes drip onto wooden
surfaces such as joists where the mold can then grow
and seriously compromise the structure
Suggestions for Reducing Mold
Growth
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Vent showers and other moisture-generating sources to
the outside. This reduces internal humidity. Change
filters in furnaces and ventilation systems regularly.
Use air conditioners and de-humidifiers. Be sure they
are in proper working condition.
Provide adequate ventilation to maintain indoor
humidity levels between 30-60%.
Use exhaust fans whenever cooking, dishwashing, and
cleaning in food service areas. Clean exhaust fans
regularly so that there is not buildup that could cause a
mold problem.
Suggestions for Reducing Mold
Growth
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Inspect the building for signs of mold, moisture, leaks,
or spills
Check for moldy odors.
Look for water stains or discoloration on the ceiling,
walls, floors, and window sills. Often this is a reddish
brown color.
Look around and under sinks for standing water, water
stains, or mold .
.Inspect bathrooms for standing water, water stains, or
mold. .Do not let water stand in air conditioning or
refrigerator drip pans.
Suggestions for Reducing Mold
Growth
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Be alert for musty smells and track them to their
source when you smell them.
Clean and dry any damp or wet building
materials and furnishings within 24-48 hours of
occurrence to prevent mold growth.
Fix the source of the water problem or leak to
prevent mold growth.
Clean mold off hard surfaces with water and
detergent, and dry completely.
Suggestions for Reducing Mold
Growth
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Absorbent materials such as ceiling tiles, that are
moldy, may need to be replaced
Check the mechanical room and roof for
unsanitary conditions, leaks, or spills.
Prevent moisture condensation. Pipes are a
popular place for this to occur.
Inspect pipes and fix leaks immediately. Clean
and disinfect under sinks regularly.
Signs of Mold
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Moist carpeting or stained ceiling tiles may signal
a leak. The source will have to be determined.
Musty odors. These often signal mold growth.
Recently installed wallboard and other coverups. Replacing ceiling tiles or painting stained
wallboards can cover a moisture problem, such
as a leaky roof or cracked foundation.
Signs of Mold
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High humidity can indicate poor ventilation and a
moisture problem. vents installed on the external siding
are another indicator of a home moisture problem.
Keep a temperature- humidity gauge in the classroom
or your living room. Relative humidity should be
consistently below 60%.
Heat or air conditioning being shut down for long
periods such as summer vacation, vacation, or in
vacation or second homes. This is especially relevant in
humid areas such as the Southeastern United States
Signs of Mold
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Wall units or other such large items placed near
external walls in humid climates such as the
Southeastern United States. This can impair the
potential for drying and promote condensation.
Indoor plants are just another source of
moisture that can raise the moisture level if they
are allowed to leak onto furniture or wooden
surfaces where mold can grow. Always place a
catch bowl beneath plants and clean it regularly
The primary step is to commence an
inspection for mold.
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This will entail looking under and above many parts of
a house/building. Do not to disturb or remove any
building materials such as wallpaper, wood, carpeting,
drywall, wallboard and more in areas that possess mold
because the spores can become airborne, be breathed
in, and cause a host of health problems and/or spread
the mold. A boroscope, to look in spaces within
ductwork and other hidden spots can also be used. A
moisture meter to determine the level of moisture in
the air can be used to help determine areas of leaks and
moist mold growth locations.
How to Perform Sampling
Where to Send Samples
How to Interpret Test Results
Why Perform Mold Testing?
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It is essential to have mold testing and sampling performed
because:
Mold spores are too small to be seen and conclusively identified
as a particular species of mold.
The extent of contamination cannot be determined without
sampling and testing.
Species of mold have varying health ramifications.
It is essential to have a pre-remediation air sampling to compare
to the post remediation air testing (also compared to outdoor air
quality).
To educate the customer particularly if they are mold sensitive
and to take appropriate action to protect the customer and your
staff members.
Why Perform Mold Testing?
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It is essential to have mold testing and sampling performed
because:
Mold spores are too small to be seen and conclusively identified
as a particular species of mold.
The extent of contamination cannot be determined without
sampling and testing.
Species of mold have varying health ramifications.
It is essential to have a pre-remediation air sampling to compare
to the post remediation air testing (also compared to outdoor air
quality).
To educate the customer particularly if they are mold sensitive
and to take appropriate action to protect the customer and your
staff members.
2 Main Types of Sampling
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Surface sampling entails taking physical samples of
mold growth from growth locations. A tape sample can
be taken by placing the tape on the mold covered
surface. The mold then adheres to the tape. The tape is
put onto a slide and the analyzed by the laboratory
which generates a report documenting the type of
mold. Tape sample results only reflect the type of
mold. To determine the extent of mold contamination,
air sampling will have to be performed. We will discuss
this later in this section.
Swab Sampling
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Another method of gaining surface samples for
testing is to perform a swab test. A swab is
wiped across the moldy surface section and then
placed on an agar plate (this plate then grows
the mold into viable colonies). The mold testing
laboratory identifies the type of mold.
Air Sampling
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It is also essential to perform pre-remediation air
sampling. This will determine the levels of spores in the
air. Since mold releases spores into the air and spores
travel on air currents, you will know the extent of the
contamination by taking air samples from various areas
in the structure. It is essential to use both bulk sampling
(taking physical samples of the mold form the growth
source) and air sampling because NOT all types of
mold go airborne easily (refer to section on types of
mold).
Air Sampling Involves the use of 1 of
the Methods listed Below
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Basically air sampling involves selection and use of one
of the following methods:
Hole impaction
Sieve impaction
Centrifugal
Filtration
Gravity based
Material settlement
Multiple hole impaction
Liquid impingement
Culture Method
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A culture methodology has the air flow
impacting upon a culture disk. the viable spores
are grown into colonies, the type of mold(s)
identified, and based on the air flow the amount
of mold colonies per cubic meter of air can be
mathematically determined. This method is
helpful because the contactor gets a definitive
answer as to what type of mold he or she is
dealing with.
Air Sampling-Sticky Impaction
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Air sampling using a sticky source, allows the laboratory
to take an exact count of spores in the air per cubic
meter of air. This provides an accurate answer to the
quality of air in the structure. This is helpful if
homeowner’s have complained about not feeling well
and respiratory problems. Either way, air sampling is
essential to perform pre-remediation and postremediation combing with mold remediation and repair
of the source of the moisture problem to ensure a job
well done.
Charges and Getting Test Results
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The samples are sent to the laboratory for testing. Swab
and culture sampling typically take several more days to
get results because the mold must have time to grow
into colonies. Air impact on sticky substrate provides a
mold count and takes less time to get results. The
customer should have a basic time frame as to when
results will come in. Charges for mold sampling usually
range from $120.00-$125.00+ based on the complexity
of the project and the number and type of samples
taken. This average price also takes into account
communicating the results with the customer and the
cost and labor of 2 visits.
How To Interpret Air Sampling Results?
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Air sampling devices have different flow rates.
Different air samplers have different rates of
efficiency. It is important to use the same exact
type of air samplers. It is essential to compare
apples to apples. Never compare results from
different air sampling equipment types and
never take samples for different durations of
time and compare results.
How To Interpret Air Sampling Results?
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Several common types of air sampling devices are as
follows:
Spore traps:
Air-O-Cell cassettes
MCE filter cassettes
Allergeno samplers
Burkhard samplers
These types of air samples collect spores on a receiver
or membrane.
How To Interpret Air Sampling Results?
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When this type of sample is submitted to a laboratory
for testing, all of the mold and fungus parts are
counted and identified. The accuracy of total spore
count results is very similar to that of the culture plate
method. Culture plates usually result in less
mold/fungal collection than a spore trap method. Why
is this? Collection via culture plate only grows viable
spores. Therefore, non-viable or dormant spores
cannot grow into colonies on the plate. The advantage
of using a culture plate methodology is that the types
of mold/fungus can be properly identified.
How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores
Results Arrived at From the Spore Counting
Method?
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Follow the steps herein. The contractor may not need
to use all of the steps. If a step is not applicable to your
case, go on to the next step.
If there is a large sampling of airborne spores from the
total spore counting method, you might be able to
define what is considered a low, moderate or high level
to screen your results. This type of data should only be
used for performance evaluation and cannot be used as
criteria for a health evaluation.
How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores
Results Arrived at From the Spore Counting
Method?
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Compare total concentrations from outdoor, indoor, areas
without apparent issue, and areas with mold/spore issues.
Indoor mold/spores levels should be less than outdoor air
quality. However, remember that building with many open
windows/door especially in the summer and better weather
seasons or locations without can have spore levels that are
higher than outside air levels. Locations without spore growth
should generally have lower spore counts than areas with
actual/suspected spore growth.
Compare spore type and species, indoor versus outdoor air
quality, and involved versus non-involved area. Large indoor
spaces may not always reflect the same spore/mold types as
outdoors because of the large space over which the spores
may be spread.
How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores
Results Arrived at From the Spore Counting
Method?
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Compare the data from involved locations to assess what spores are
consistently found. If the samples from all involved areas indicate that a
consistent level of spores is found, then the mold source is probably
nearby.
Look for fungal spores that are usually associated with water damage.
Common spores associated with water damage are: Chaetomium,
Stachybotrys, Menoniella, Ulocladium. and Eurotium. Reproductive
structures of spores such as ascus, conidophores, and ascomata can
indicate active mold growth due to water damage, condensation, or high
humidity levels. Eurotium, for example, often indicates high humidity,
condensation problems, and poor ventilation. Aspegillus and Penicillium
types of spores are common both indoor and outdoors. However, if they
are found in higher levels indoors, this is indicative of a water damaged
environment.
How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores
Results Arrived at From the Spore Counting
Method?
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Low levels of spores in winter indoors do not indicate a
healthy indoor air quality environment. In winter, water freezes
and temperatures drop thereby putting mold and its spores
into dormancy and a non-reproductive state. This can
significantly change in spring and summer when temperatures
are warm and leaks have unfrozen. Ex: A leaky moldy
basement does not actively leak at 10 degrees F or appear as
smell and moldy until the spring thaws hit.
If Stachybotrys spores are detected consult the “Guidelines on
Assessment and remediation of Stachybotrys atra in Indoor
Environments” by the NYC Department of Health. This can
be found at www.ci.nyc.us/html/doh/epi/moldrpt1.html
How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores
Results Arrived at From the Spore Counting
Method?
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Be sure to correlate customer complaints, site inspection, and
lab results to determine if there is mold/fungal growth. If
there is mold/fungal growth, there is a moisture/water
problem nearby. The source of this moisture problem must be
fixed so that it does not recur.
Understand the background of the type(s) of spores found
and identified in the laboratory results. Some spores such as
Eurotium are xerophobic and grow where there is low water
activity. Others such as Chaetomium, Memnoniella,
Stachybotrys, and Ulocladium grow where there is a great deal
of water present.
Bulk Sampling Technique
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Bulk sampling can be performed on the
following materials (but not limited to):
Carpet Fibers
Drywall Materials
HVAC System Liners/materials
Sheetrock
Bulk Sampling Technique
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Use a knife to cut out the section to be sent out bulk sampling. Be sure to
wear health care type of gloves for personal protection and to protect the
sample. Always alcohols swab your cutting tool both before and after
taking the bulk sample.
Cut a 1-4 square inch sample and put this in a zip lock bag. Be sure to be
gentle when cutting out the sample so that you do not disturb the
spores/mold/fungus source. Label the sample and record it on the sample
sheet. Record site, sample location, sample size, time and date.
Send the samples to the laboratory ASAP. If the bulk samples are damp or
moist ship them in ice by overnight courier. Contact the laboratory and
inform then that wet samples are on their way and to get them tested
immediately. Verify that you send all samples with the data sheet and chain
of custody to the lab.
How to Perform Spore Trapping
Samples?
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Attach the exit end of the cassette to the tube and air pump.
Be sure to record the location and all required chain of
custody information.
Out the cassette and pump down on a stable surface in the
location of where the air sampling is to be done.
Do not disturb the area while the sampling is taking place.
Set the sampling time (all samples should be set for the same
time period for apples to apples comparison)
When the sampling is completed, re seal the sample inlet slit
and remove the sample from the pump mechanism.
Send the sample to the laboratory with the chain of custody
documentation (keep copy for your records).
How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores Results
Arrived at From the Spore Counting Method?
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How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores Results
Arrived at From the Spore Counting Method?
Your initial site investigation and visual observations are
essential to this process. The contractor should be
mapping out the locations of water damage, extent of
damage, types of materials damaged, humidity issues,
building history, and more. Via this means, the
contractor can correlate the mold testing results with
the location issues where the samples derived. This can
be used in the process of making remediation
recommendations.
Wipe and Swab Sampling
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To perform wipe/swab sampling do the following:
Follow the directions on your wipe/swap kit but first moisten
the swab.
Take the sample by wiping the surface.
Wipe 1 square or 4 square inches.
If the surface looks significantly dirty, double the surface
swabbing area.
Properly label the samples. This should include the size of each
area sampled. Send a copy of the data sheet with the samples.
Send the samples to the lab via overnight courier. Ice packs may
be used and are often helpful is retaining a viable sample.
The laboratory will analyze the samples and send you the results
as soon as they are available.
Mold Testing Laboratories
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Mold testing laboratories can be found in the Yellow Pages of
your local phone book. Galson Laboratories at 888-432-5527
provides kits .
Galson requires that microbiological samples be shipped via
overnight courier in a cooler with blue ice. The utilize potato
dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal cultures and Trypticase Soy agar
(TSA) for bacteria testing.
Please refer to the Galson Laboratories Handouts. These
handouts document how to take a sample using different
sampling devices, how to send in samples, equipment rentals, and
much more!
SKC at www.skcinc.com also rents equipment and provides a full
range of testing services.
There is Mold-Now What?
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What structural repairs are involved? How will this be done? Who will do
this?
Where is hidden mold located? Is the structure compromised? What materials
must be removed to get at he hidden mold?
How many rooms are involved?
How will I seal the remediation zone(s)
How many cleaning stations will need to be set up?
What materials can be cleaned and dried?
What materials must be discarded?
How much time and how may staff members will this project require?
What are my overhead costs-materials, time labor, wages and benefits,
insurance costs etc.?
The contractor must plan for all of the issues above and more in planning to
prepare a quote to discuss with the customer.
Communicating Test Results
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When the report comes back from the laboratory, the
contractor must communicate the type of mold that is
present and from the air sampling the amount of
spores per cubic meter of air. The contractor should
compare the indoor air quality to what normal outdoor
air quality conditions in terms of the number of spores
per cubic meter of air are. It is essential for the
homeowner to know how their indoor air quality
compares to normal outdoor air quality (this is the post
remediation test-to have the post remediation indoor air
quality test the same or better than normal outdoor air
quality).
Safety Tips for Evaluating and
Investigating Mold Problems
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Do not touch mold or moldy items with bare hands. Be sure to
have plastic gloves on for sampling/remediating.
Do not get mold or mold spores in your eyes. use safety goggles
with side shields that fit snugly around your eyes and face.
Do not breathe in mold or mold spores. Be sure to have your
respirator on at all times while within the containment zone.
Follow the PPE and containment guidelines as contained in this
manual
When addressing mold the minimum PPE is an N-95 respirator,
gloves, and eye protection.
Mold Remediation Steps
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Select a remediation manager
Assess the size of the mold problem and note
the type of mold damaged items
Communicate with the all people involved in the
project throughout the process as appropriate to
the situations.
Identify the source of the moisture problem
Plan the remeditation to fit the scope and type
of remediation situation
Mold Remediation Steps
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Select the PPE
Select containment equipment
Select remediation staff
Remediate using either in house or out of house
personnel
Clean and dry moldy materials
Mold Remediation Steps
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Discard moldy items that can’t be cleaned
Dry non moldy items within 48 hours
Check for return of the mold and moisture
problem.
If hidden mold is discovered, reevaluate your
remediation plan, and recommunicate to all
parties involved the revised remediation plan.
Before Remediation
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Are there already existing moisture problems in the
building?
Have building materials been wet more that 48 hours?
Are there hidden sources of water or is the humidity
too high (high enough to cause condensation)?
Are people reporting musty or moldy odors? Where in
particular?
Are people reporting health problems or sneezing a lot
with runny noses? What ar they?
Before Remediation
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Are the building materials or furnishings visibly
damaged? Is mold readily apparent?
Has maintenance been delayed or the maintenance plan
changed?
Has the building been recently remodeled or changed?
Look at the plans?
Is consultation with health professional indicated?
Have there been grading problems or streams/springs
nearby?
How Do I Determine What Type of Mold It Is and How It
Should Be Treated?
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Laboratory testing to determine the type of mold is often
needed in case a person is or does become ill from mold. A
doctor will ask what it is prior to prescribing treatment.
Mold sampling is needed to ascertain the proper remediation
procedures.
An environmental professional who is specifically trained for this
task should perform mold testing and sampling.
Samples are sent to an environmental laboratory where testing is
conducted to determine the type and severity of contamination.
Often, it will take several days to complete the lab testing.
The three basic tools used to determine the
relevant remediation plan are as follows:
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Visual inspection
Photographs
Laboratory analysis
The written remediation plan will
accomplish the following tasks:
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Types of personal protective equipment (PPE)
should be used
A level of containment that must be erected
Procedures to be followed to clean and/or
remove moldy building materials.
Salvagable
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Metals
Glass
Ceramics
Plastics
Wood
Concrete materials
Fabrics that have only a small amount of mold and can be
cleaned are a judgment call.
* These materials must be structurally sound be able to be
cleaned.
Discard
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Porous materials
Ceiling tiles
Insulation
Wallboards with more than a small area of
contamination should be removed and
discarded.
Setting the Remediation Plan
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The first step is to assess the size of the mold and/or
moisture problem and the type of damaged materials
before planning the actual work. Select a remediation
manager for large or medium sized jobs. The plan
should include the steps to fix the water or moisture
problem or potential reoccurrence. The plan should
cover the use of appropriate PPE and include steps to
carefully contain and remove mold building materials to
avoid spreading the molds. A remediation plan can vary
greatly based on the job size, complexity, and possible
revisions to the plan.
People First
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The most important factor is to protect the
health and safety of the occupants and the
remediation staff.
This may mean the relocation of people to an
alternate location while the remediation is taking
place. Remediation should be conducted during
off hours because people will not be in the area.
PPE
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As a contractor, it is essential that you ensure the safety of your
staff and comply with OSHA and EPA guidelines. On a mold
remediation work site, the following types of PPE are
recommended:
Goggles/Safety Glasses
Full Body Suit with Booties and Hood
Hearing Protection
Work Boots Preferably Steel Toes
Hard Hat (to protect from falling objects)
Gloves
N-100 Respirator for Organic Particulates (comply with OSHA
respiratory protection standard)
Communication
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The homeowner/building owner is often quite perturbed about
the situation and the impact on the business/occupants.
In addition, the insurance adjustor must understand what the
written remediation plan is, and how the project is progressing.
The initial report and plan are also given to the adjustor.
The employees must receive a through safety training on mold,
the appropriate safety gear, and how to wear it. They need to be
aware of the adverse health conditions that can result if they do
not comply with the required safety gear. In addition, there must
be sanctions if they choose not to comply and wear the required
safety gear. Be sure to communicate in a manner that does not
alarm the homeowner, or create additional or unnecessary
liability or cost for the insurance company/building owner.
HVAC
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Do not run the HVAC system if you suspect that it is
contaminated with mold or if mold is located near the intake to
the system. If the occupants inform you that they know there if
mold in the HVAC system because when they turn it on, the
mold smell becomes much stronger all over, there is probably
mold in the HVAC system. If the occupants have been running
this system regularly, the mold spores are probably all over and
air testing will have to be done with the system on. The HVAC
system will also have to be remediated. and the system not run
until it has been thoroughly remediated and the air tested post
remediation
Hidden Mold Sources
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Back side of dry wall, wallpaper or paneling
Top of ceiling tiles
Underside of carpets and pads etc.
Pie chases and utility tunnels
Walls behind furniture
Condensate drain pans inside air handling units, porous thermal or acoustic
liners inside ductwork
Roof materials above ceiling tiles (due to rook leaks or insufficient insulation).
Materials such as dry wall with vinyl wallpaper over it or wood paneling can
act as vapor barriers which trap moisture underneath and provide a moist
environment for mold. You may suspect hidden mold if a building smells
moldy but you cannot see the source, or if you know there has been water
damage and building occupants are reporting health problems. Be sure to use
the required PPE when investigating hidden mold sources. Removal of
wallpaper can lead to a massive release of spores from mold growing on the
underside of the paper.
Small Mold Areas
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A small mold remediation area is defined as 10 square feet or less. This may
be a small section of tile or wallboard, or simply that the mold problem has
been caught early on before it had a chance to cover and extensive area.
Remediation can be conducted by maintenance staff. Such persons should
receive training on proper clean up methods, personal protection, and
potential health hazards. Training is essential. You must comply with the
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
Respiratory protection must be worn. It is important to ensure that you and
all staff within the containment areas comply with the OSHA respiratory
protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134), is recommended. Gloves and eye
protection should be worn. An N 95 respirator must be worn while in the
containment zone and while remediating.
Small Mold Areas
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The work area should be unoccupied except by the
remediators. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to
the work area is not necessary in all cases
Remove the following people from areas nearby the
remediation zone: infants of less than 1 year old,
persons who recently had surgery, immune suppressed
people, or people with lung diseases or allergies.
Containment of the work area is not always necessary .
Dust and mold suppression methods, such as misting
surfaces prior to remediation, should also be employed.
Small Mold Areas
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Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned should
be removed from the building in a sealed plastic bag.
Moldy bagged materials can simply be placed in the
regular garbage.
The work area and areas used by remedial workers for
egress should be cleaned with a mop and the Caltex
System. This is important to prevent the spread of
mold spores which may have been tracked in and out.
The job site should be left, clean, dry, with no debris or
obvious mold problem
Medium Sized Areas
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A medium sized areas is defined as being 10- 30 square feet. This can include
any of the surfaces commonly devoured by mold.
Remediation can be conducted by maintenance staff. Such persons should
receive training on proper clean up methods, personal protection, and
potential health hazards. Training is essential. You must comply with the
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
Respiratory protection must be worn. It is important to ensure that you and
all staff within the containment areas comply with the OSHA respiratory
protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134), is recommended. Gloves and eye
protection should be worn. An N 95 respirator must be worn while in the
containment zone and while remediating.
The work area should be unoccupied except by the remediators. Vacating
people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary in all cases
Medium Sized Areas
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Remove the following people from areas nearby the
remediation zone: infants of less than 1 year old,
persons who recently had surgery, immune suppressed
people, or people with lung diseases or allergies.
Containment of the work area is not always necessary .
Dust and mold suppression methods, such as misting
surfaces prior to remediation, should also be employed.
The work area should be covered with a plastic sheet(s)
and sealed with tape before remediation, to contain
dust/debris.
Medium Sized Areas
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The work area and areas used by remedial workers for egress
should be HEPA vacuumed ( a vacuum equipped with a HighEfficiency Particulate Air filter) and cleaned with a damp cloth
and/or mop and a detergent solution.
Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned should be
removed from the building in a sealed plastic bag. Moldy bagged
materials can simply be placed in the regular garbage.
The work area and areas used by remedial workers for egress
should be cleaned with a mop and the Caltex System. This is
important to prevent the spread of mold spores which may have
been tracked in and out.
The job site should be left, clean, dry, with no debris or obvious
mold problem
Large Mold Areas
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A large mold problem is defined as being 30- 100
square feet.
Microbial investigations should be performed prior to
remediation activities to provide guidance.
Respiratory protection must be worn. It is important to
ensure that you and all staff within the containment
areas comply with the OSHA respiratory protection
standard (29 CFR 1910.134), is recommended. Gloves
and eye protection should be worn. An N 95 respirator
must be worn while in the containment zone and while
remediating.
Large Mold Areas
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The work area should be unoccupied except by the remediators.
Vacating people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not
necessary in all cases
Remove the following people from areas nearby the remediation
zone: infants of less than 1 year old, persons who recently had
surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with lung
diseases or allergies.
Containment of the work area is not always necessary . Dust and
mold suppression methods, such as misting surfaces prior to
remediation, should also be employed.
The work area should be covered with a plastic sheet(s) and
sealed with tape before remediation, to contain dust/debris.
Large Mold Areas
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The work area and areas used by remedial workers for egress
should be HEPA vacuumed ( a vacuum equipped with a HighEfficiency Particulate Air filter) and cleaned with a damp cloth
and/or mop and a detergent solution.
Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned should be
removed from the building in a sealed plastic bag. Moldy bagged
materials can simply be placed in the regular garbage.
The work area and areas used by remedial workers for egress
should be cleaned with a mop and the Caltex System. This is
important to prevent the spread of mold spores which may have
been tracked in and out.
Large Mold Areas
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Seal ventilation ducts/grills in the work area and
areas directly adjacent with plastic sheeting.
If the remediation process will generate a lot or
dust or involve a lot of scraping and surface
agitation or there are blankets or mold, follow
the highest remediation guidelines available.
The job site should be left, clean, dry, with no
debris or obvious mold problem.
Extra Large Mold Site
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A super size mold site is defined as being over 100 square feet.
Microbial investigations conducted before remediation for
project guidance.
A staff trained in hazardous material processes. Full-face
respirators with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cartridges
Disposable protective clothing covering both head and shoes.
Gloves must be worn also.
Containment of the remediation areas must be done by ensuring
thorough isolation of containment zone from inhabited areas
using plastic sheeting sealed with duct tape. Any opening into the
containment zone must also be plastic sheeted and duct taped to
prevent air flow out. The use of an exhaust fan with a HEPA
filter to generate negative pressurization. It is important to set up
a decontamination zone also.
Extra Large Mold Site
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Remove the following people from areas nearby the remediation
zone: infants of less than 1 year old, persons who recently had
surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with lung
diseases or allergies.
The contained area and decontamination room should be HE A
vacuumed and cleaned with the Caltex System. The containment
zone should be clean to the naked eye. Only then should the
containment barriers be removed.
Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned should be
removed from the building in a sealed plastic bag. Moldy bagged
materials can simply be placed in the regular garbage.
Air monitoring should be conducted prior to occupancy to
determine if the area is fit to reoccupy.
Be Sure to Use These Cleaning Methods
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Wet vacuum. This works very well on hard materials. Be sure that
they are thoroughly dried. Steam cleaning may be an alternative
for carpets and some upholstered furniture
Wipe surfaces down using surfactant or The Caltex System
depending on what surface you are cleaning.
HEPA vacuum after the material has been thoroughly dried.
Dispose of the contents of the HEPA vacuum in tied plastic
garbage bags. Place in regular garbage.
Tear down and throw away water damaged materials and seal in
plastic garbage bags. Be sure to close them tightly while inside
the containment area.
Cleanup
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Mold growth can cause significant structural damage over time.
If a mold/moisture problem has not been addressed for a long
time it can weaken floors, and walls. This is because mold feeds
on wet wood. If you believe that mold has weakened the
structural integrity of a building, consult a structural engineer or
a professional with expertise in this field.
Wet vacuums collect water but should not be used on porous
materials because they can damage the material. Wet vacuums
can spread spores if the surface being vacuumed is not
sufficiently wet. The tanks, hoses, and various attachments of the
vacuum should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use
because the mold and spores may remain on its surfaces.
Cleanup
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Mold can usually be removed from non porous surfaces by
wiping and scrubbing with water and The Caltex System. Dry
these surfaces quickly and thoroughly after wiping to discourage
further mold growth. Porous materials that are wet and have
mold growing on them can be discarded. Be sure not to paint or
caulk over moldy surfaces. Do not paint over moldy surfaces.
HEPA vacuums are used for the final cleanup of the remediation
area after the materials have been removed and the surfaces
wiping and dried. Be sure that the filter is placed properly on the
vacuum. This is important because all air must pass through the
filter to ensure the particulate matter is removed from the
surface/air. Wear the proper PPE when changing the vacuum
filter to avoid exposure to the mold. The filter and HEPA bag
contents must be disposed of in a well sealed plastic bag.
The Advantages of Cal-Brite Versus Cleaners,
Biocides, Sanitizers, and Encapsulants
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There are 4 basic categories that base most of
the mold remediation products available today.
These are as follows:
Cleaners
Biocides
Sanitizers
Encapsulants.
Cleaners
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A cleaner by definition loosens the surface
material and thus makes it easier to wipe off or
“clean”. Cleaners do not kill the bacteria or
mold.
Biocides
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A biocide refers to an agent that kills bacteria and moldbiological agents. The last 4 letters of the word mean
“kill/death”. Therefore, it means the death of a biological
organism. There are several types of biocides. Fungicides are
developed to kill mold. Virucides are created to kill viruses. True
biocides are created to kill bacteria. However, different types of
biocides are not effective against all molds or kinds of
contamination. A virucide may have no effect against mold.
Some biocides claim to be very effective but they are not
necessarily as effective as a dedicated virucide or fungicide. no
biocide is 100% effective against all types of mold and bacteria; a
few spores may survive.
Sanitizers
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A sanitizer can kill bacteria or mold but renders
inactive the mold or bacteria and makes it much
harder for mold or bacteria to regrow on the
treated sanitized surface.
Encapsulants
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An encapsulant covers the surface thereby not
allowing any particles or items to escape from
underneath the sealed surface. This does not kill
the bacteria or mold. They are typically painted
on and when they dry, the surface is sealed and
hard to the touch. Therefore, nothing can
penetrate up through the sealed surface. These
can be used later in the remediation process with
additives to deter regrowth.
Encapsulants
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For example, zinc based encapsulants often
deter the regrowth of mold. However, one must
remember that the core cause of the moisture
problem must be fixed (eg. structural repairs) or
it will recur. Encapsulants should never be used
in place of a mold remediation. An encapsulant
such as drylock should never be placed over
mold/fungus.
Encapsulants
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Remember, not all encapsulants work on all
surfaces. The contractor should always perform
a spot test before fully applying the encapsulant.
Bubbles, cracks. and peeling indicate that the
encapsulant has failed. If this occurs, another
encapsulant should be used or another
remediation conducted. Even encapsulants that
contain biocidal agents are not effective on
actively growing mold.
Encapsulants
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Neither are encapsulants (e.g. Drylock)
permanent solutions. Over time encapsulants fail
and then more permanent steps would have to
be undertaken. This may involve structural
repairs. Therefore, encapsulant coated surfaces
requires regular inspection and maintenance.
Some encapsulants create hazardous wastes
which require proper disposal.
Cal-Brite
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Cal-Brite is a sanitizer and when used will kill as
much mold as a more chemically potent or
harmful biocide. In addition, it retards the
regrowth of mold.
Bleach
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Chlorine bleach is a biocide. However, it is hazardous to people
and should never be mixed with other compounds such as
ammonia. Bleach leaves the surface wet or damp and slightly
slimy to the touch. Since bleach does NOT retard the growth of
mold like Cal-Brite does, the mold can regrow again leading to a
vicious cycle of bleaching and mold growing. Eventually, the
homeowner may become frustrated and ask if there if anything
that does not act as a fertilizer that actually retards the regrowth
of mold. Biocides are not recommended because the mold parts
can still cause allergic reactions after they are dead. This is
especially applicable to sensitized individuals.
The Cal-Brite Solution
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Cal-Brite will kill the mold or bacteria AND
retard its regrowth. Using Cal-Brite and
following all EPA mold remediation project
guidelines and cleaning steps if performed
correctly by the contractor ensures that the mold
and bacteria are killed and that the dead mold
parts are vacuumed and removed to prevent
allergic reactions in sensitized individuals.
Guidelines for Response To Water Damage within
24-48 Hours To Prevent Mold Growth
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Books and Papers Discard
Photocopy important items
Discard originals
Freeze or freeze dry Carpet and Backing-dry w/i 24-48
Hrs.
Remove water with water extraction Vacuum
Reduce ambient humidity with dehumidifier
Accelerate drying process with fans
Ceiling Tiles Discard and replace
Cellulose Insulation Discard and replace
Guidelines for Response To Water Damage within
24-48 Hours To Prevent Mold Growth
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Concrete or cinder block surfaces
Remove water with water extraction vacuum
Accelerate drying process with dehumidifiers,
fans, and/or heaters
Guidelines for Response To Water Damage within
24-48 Hours To Prevent Mold Growth
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Fiberglass insulation-Discard and replace
Flooring-Vacuum or damp wipe with water and
mild detergent and allow to dry; scrub if
necessary
Check to make sure underflooring is dry, dry
underflooring if necessary
Plastics, metals-Vacuum or damp wipe with
water and mild detergent and allow to dry; scrub
if necessary
Guidelines for Response To Water Damage within
24-48 Hours To Prevent Mold Growth
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Upholstered furniture-Remove water with water
extraction vacuum
Accelerate drying process with dehumidifiers, fans,
and/or heaters
May be difficult to completely dry within 48 hours. if
the piece is valuable, you may wish to consult a
restoration water damage professional who specializes
in furniture
Wallboard (drywall/gypsum) May be dried in place if
there is no obvious swelling and seams are intact. If
not, remove, discard, and replace. Ventilate the cavity, if
possible.
Guidelines for Response To Water Damage within
24-48 Hours To Prevent Mold Growth
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Drapes-Follow laundering or cleaning instructions
recommended by the manufacturer.
Wood surfaces-Remove moisture immediately and use
dehumidifiers, gentle heat, and fans for drying (Use
caution when applying heat to hardwood floors)
Treated or finished wood surfaces may be cleaned with
mild detergent and clean water and allowed to dry.
Wet paneling should be pried away from wall for drying.