Evaluating and Estimating the Effect of
Land use Changed on Water Quality
at Selorejo Reservoir, Indonesia
Mohammad Sholichin
Faridah Othman
Shatira Akib
University of Malaya &
Brawijaya University
2006
1
Selorejo Reservoir
2
Scheme
•Introduction
•Methodology
•Results
•Conclusion
3
Introduction
Recently, Non Point Sources (NPS) pollution has
become the focus of water quality and watershed
management.
Nitrogen and phosphorous are the two nutrients
• .originating from inorganic and organic fertilizer
that affect the reservoir water quality due to
intensive agricultural farming.
High existence of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus
(P) in the Selorejo Reservoir indicates the
problem in the water quality of the reservoir.
4
Objectives
The objectives of this study are :
To identify the sources of pollutants from agricultural and
urban area
To apply the Soil and Water Assessment Tool Model
(SWAT)
To evaluate the present reservoir water quality
status
To predict the reservoir water quality which may
change the land use scenario in future
5
Study Area
• Brantas River is located in East Java Province
on the Java Island, Indonesia
• It is the second biggest river in Java Island
that has a watershed of about 11,800 km2
and stretches about 320 km
• Brantas is divided into six sub basins :
1. Lesti River (625 km2),
2
2. Konto River (687 km )
2
3. Widas River (1,539 km ),
2
4. Upstream Brantas River (6,719 km ),
5. Ngorowo River (1600 km2) and
6. Surabaya River (631 km2)
6
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25km
Brantas River Basin Map
Selorejo
watershed
8
Konto River Basin
• The study area is
Selorejo Reservoir that
located at upstream of
Konto River Basin.
• Selorejo watershed has a
Catchment area of 235
km2
• The maximum reservoir
capacity is 62.30 Mm3,
with an effective
reservoir capacity of
50.10 Mm3
9
The function of Selorejo Reservoir
• Water
Supply
• Water
irrigation
• Hydro power
• Tourism
10
Selorejo Watershed & Sub-basin
1
2
3
4
4
11
Land use in Selorejo Watershed
Land Use
Selorejo Cacthment
2
Urban Area
3
Dry Field
4
Rice Field
5
Mixed - Dry Field
6
Forest
Selorejo Sub Basin
Legend
!.
outlet
River
4
Selorejo Dam
Land use
4
2000
Urban Area
20.64
Forest
92.66
Dry Field
36.35
Mixed – Dry Field
30.01
Rice Field
55.51
Total (km2)
235.17
12
Soil Type in Selorejo Watershed
Legend
!.
Soil Type
outlet
REGOSOL
River
GRUMOSOL
Selorejo Dam
MEDITERAN
ANDOSOL
Soil Type
Regosol
Area
(km2)
%
16.41
6.976
Grumosol
164.31
69.869
Mediteran
27.03
11.492
Andosol
27.42
11.662
235.17
100%
Total
(km2)
13
Methodology
Pre field-work
(literature review, data gathering etc)
 Field-work
(site visit, water samples on stream and
reservoir, etc)
 Modeling & Simulation
( set up model, input data, calibration,
etc)

14
SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)
The SWAT model was developed by the
Agricultural Research Service-US
Department of Agriculture.
The model predicts the impact of land
management of practices on:
- water
- sediment
- agricultural chemical yields
For use on large, complex watersheds with
varying soils, land use, and management
conditions over long periods of time
15
SWAT Input Data







Digital topography map
Land use (land cover)
Soil type
Precipitationtemperature
Discharge
Fertilizer-pesticide
Tillage







Urban area
Stream water quality
Pond/reservoir data
Ground water
Soil chemical data
Water use
Water Management
16
17
Schematic of input and outputs of the SWAT model
18
Land use change scenario
2000
Land use
Urban Area
2005
2000
20.64
2005
22.71
Change
(%)
9.11
Forest
92.66
88.96
-4.16
Dry Field
36.35
5.06
-86.08
Mixed – Dry Field
30.01
21.43
-28.59
Rice Field
55.51
97.01
42.78
235.17
235.17
Total
(km2)
Land Use
Selorejo Cacthment
2
Urban Area
3
Dry Field
4
Rice Field
5
Mixed - Dry Field
6
Forest
Selorejo Sub Basin
Legend
!.
outlet
River
Selorejo Dam
4
19
2005
Land use
2010
2005
2010
Change
(%)
Urban Area
22.71
28.98
21.64
Forest
88.96
79.4
-12.04
5.06
12.56
59.71
21.43
13.57
-57.92
Dry Field
Mixed – Dry Field
Rice Field
Total (km2)
97.01
100.66
235.17
235.17
3.63
Land Use
Selorejo Cacthment
2
Urban Area
3
Dry Field
4
Rice Field
5
Mixed - Dry Field
6
Forest
Selorejo Sub Basin
Legend
!.
outlet
River
4
Selorejo Dam
20
12/14/01
10/14/01
8/14/01
6/14/01
4/14/01
2/14/01
12/14/00
10/14/00
25
8/14/00
30
6/14/00
4/14/00
2/14/00
Discharge (m3/dt)
Discharge Calibration
35
Measured
Simulated
20
15
10
5
-
Years
Period 2000-2001
21
Results
Result of SWAT simulation was divided into
three phases,
Land Area
Stream
Reservoir
22
Land Area
The average monthly surface runoff for 2000, 2005 and 2010
100
90
Runoff (mm)
80
70
60
2000
50
2005
40
2010
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Ap mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nop Des
23
Average Organic N (kg/ha)
Average Monthly N Organic (kg N/ha) SUB Basin 3
0.800
0.700
Organic N (kg N/ha)
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
Jan
Feb
Mar
Aprl
Mei
Jun
Jul
agst
Sept
Oktb
Nov
Month
2000 2005 2010
24
Dec
Average Organic P (kg/ha)
Monthly P Organic (kg P/ha) SUB Basin 3
0.160
0.140
Organic P (kg P/ha)
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
Jan
Feb
Mar
Aprl
Mei
Jun
Jul
agst
Sept
Oktb
Nov
Dec
Month
2000
2005
2010
25
Stream
Average Monthly Organic N Transported With Water Into Reach The Sub Basin 1
1.00
0.90
0.80
Organic N (g/lt)
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Aprl
Mey
Jun
Jul
Agst
sept
Oktbr
Nov
Dec
Month
26
organic n 2000
organic n 2005
organic N 2010
Nitrogen
Average Monthly Organic N Transported With Water Into ReachThe Sub Basin 4
0.80
0.70
Organic N (g/lt)
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Aprl
Mey
Jun
Jul
Agst
sept
Oktbr
Nov
Dec
Month
organic n 2000
organic n 2005
organic N 2010
27
Phosphorous
Average Monthly Organic P Transported With Water Into ReachThe Sub Basin 1 Outlet
0.20
0.18
0.16
Organic P (g/lt)
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Aprl
Mey
Jun
Jul
Agst
sept
Oktbr
Nov
Dec
Month
organic P 2000
organic P 2005
organic P 2010
28
Reservoir
Comparison of annual Nitrogen concentration
from 2000-2005
3.5
Nitrogen (mg/l)
3
Simulation
Measurement
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Years
29
Correlation between simulation and measurement
R2=0,61
4.0
3.5
Nitrogen
Simulated
3.0
R2 =0,61
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Measured
30
Phosphorous
Phosphorous (mg/lt)
Comparison of annual P concentration from
2000-2005
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
Simulation
Measurement
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Years
31
Correlation between simulation
and measurement (R2 =0,78)
0.50
Phosphorous
0.40
Simulated
R2=0,78
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Mesured
32
Conclusion





Available data land use from 2000-2005 and forecast
data from 2005-2010 was used to evaluate and estimate
the changes of water quality of Selorejo Reservoir
SWAT model has been applied to evaluate and estimate
the Selorejo reservoir
The simulation result was found to be under estimated
The change of land use may not have the direct and
significant effect to the drop of water quality
Further study on other parameters is required to
determine the causes of the drop of water quality in
Selorejo Reservoir
33
Acknowledgement

We would like to thank you the
following for making this study
possible
– Department of Agriculture, Indonesia
– Department of Surveying, Indonesia
– East Java local authority
– University of Malaya, Malaysia
– Brawijaya University, Indonesia
34
T H A N K YOU
35