写作专题讲座
一. 概要写作（Summary writing）
概要是对较长作品和文章的简明复述.它旨在
抓住原文的要点,所以概要不应被写成解释或
评论.
 如何写概要

1)读:在开始写之前阅读原文至少两遍,注意
主题句和主题段.
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2)写:
(1) 长度: 通常是原文 1/3 到 1/4 .
(2) 概要应该用自己的话来写.
(3)应该严格遵守原文的逻辑顺序.


4) 方法:
(1) 省略细节
(2) 减少例子
(3) 简化描写
(4) 删除重复
3) 修改: 修改草稿以确保:
(1) 包括了所有的重点. 2) 符合长度限制.
(3) 所有语法错误都被改正.
(4) 语言简单明了.
范例

A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone
questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes
find ourselves changing our minds without any
resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that
we are wrong we resent the imputation and
harden our hearts. We are incredibly heedless in
the formation of our beliefs, but find ourselves
filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone
proposes to rob us of their companionship.

It is obviously not the ideas themselves that are
dear to us, but our self-esteem, which is
threatened. We are by nature stubbornly pledged
to defend our own from attack, whether it be our
person, our family, our property, or our opinion. We
may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves
vanquished. In the intellectual world at least,
peace is without victory.
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
Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our
cherished convictions; indeed, we have a natural
response to so doing. We like to continue to
believe what we have been accustomed to accept
as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt
is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us to
seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them.
The result is that most of our so-called reasoning
consists in finding arguments for going on
believing as we already do.
summary

A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told
that our beliefs and opinions are wrong. We may
have been heedless in their formation, but our
self-esteem will not permit us to change. We may
have to give up, but we are not convinced. We do
not study the origin, of our beliefs; we believe as
we have been accustomed to believing, and we
seek arguments for continuing to believe as we
already do.
二.文章的基本模式和要求

1、段落的模式和要求：一般段落结构图
主题句
发展句①，发展句②，发展句③
结尾句
2. 主题和主题句
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主题句通常位于句首，有揭示中心思想，引发细节描述的作
用。
例如：1）Topic: city life
Topic sentence: It is more convenient for people to
controlling idea
live in city than in countryside.
topic
这一主题句反映的中心思想是城市生活的种种便利，因此下文必然列举
事例以证实本观点。


例 2）Topic: sports
Topic sentence: People take part in sports
topic
for various reasons.
controlling idea
这一主题句反映的中心思想是人们锻炼身体的原因，
下文会围绕不同的原因扩展主题。
例 3）Topic: listening to music

Topic sentence: Listening to music gives me

topic
a lot of fun.
controlling idea

例 4）Topic: hotels
Topic sentence: There are several different kinds of people
controlling idea
who go to hotels.
topic
写主题句的注意事项：
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（1） 主题句不能太笼统。例如：
Topic: traffic problems in big cities
Topic sentence: Big cities have traffic problems.
（2） 主题句涉及的面也不能太窄，否则就没有展开讨论的
余地。
例：Topic: Television
Topic sentence: I bought a television set yesterday.
Topic: college life
Topic sentence: I go to college to make friends.
（3） 主题句不能仅限于一种形式，根据不同主题，可以有各
种各样的主题句。例如：
 1. Topic: solar energy
Topic sentence: Solar energy can contribute to our future
energy supply.
 2. Topic: education
Topic sentence: Education plays a very important role in
the modernization of our country.
 3. Topic: opportunity
Topic sentence: It differs from person to person as to the
view of opportunity.
 4.Topic: star wars
Topic sentense:There are two different attitudes towards
star wars.
3.段落的一致性／单一性


一般来说，英文每一段应该围绕一个主题发展，不
可把不同的主题放在统一段落。例如，
1）Advertisements appear everywhere in modern
society. when you walk along the streets, you can
see large billboards with pretty girls smiling at you.
You read newspapers, and you see half of the
pages covered with ads. You turn on the TV set
and you see ads sign.Whether you like it or not
ads pour into your life.

2）On a more practical level, teachers need a wide variety
of skills and abilities. They have to be ready to spend many
hours at home planning their lessons and making homeworks. They have to be well-organized in class, patient with
the students, able to appear bright and interested even if
they are in fact tired and unhappy, and lively enough to
control a group of young people for almost two hundred
days a year. Outside the classroom, they may have to
prepare teaching materials, to choose textbooks to help
organize the work of the other teachers, or to organize
spare-time activities for the students.
4. 段落的连贯性

写作中一定要善于使用语法手段如关联词，
过渡语等连接方法，使语篇中的句子语义连
贯，逻辑清楚，浑然一体。例如，
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1）利用代词指代前面提到的名词，起到承上启下
的作用。常用的代词有：this, that, he, she, those,
mine, they, them, it,etc.例如：
1、Americans are queer people: They can’t play.
Americans rush to work as soon as they grow up.
they want their work as soon as they wake.
2、The messenger got off his bike in front of the
house of Mrs. Smith. He went to the door and
knocked gently. He know almost immediately that
someone was inside the house.
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2）重复关键词或短语以达到衔接。例如：
1、Smoking is harmful to health. Medical science has now
proved that smoking can cause lung cancer and other
diseases. Your chances of having a heart attack increase if
you smoke. Smoking is definitely a health hazard.
2、From moving pictures we can learn much about things
and places that we can never see. Pictures about
inventions and discoveries gives us scientific knowledge.
Pictures about life and adventures in foreign countries
teach us geography. Pictures about historical events teach
us history.
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3）通过各种表达转折、因果、条件、让步等的连接词实现
过渡和衔接，也可以通过使用表达时间顺序和空间顺序的词
实现衔接。例如：
1、The cause of inflation were easy to find; however, the
cure for inflation was not easy to prescribe.
2、For hundreds of years, man has made use of the
talents of monkeys. Egyptian paintings of 2000 B.C show
baboons (狒狒)gathering fruits for their masters. Even in
1978 in Abyssinia, monkeys were still being used as torch
bearers at forest.
3、In the kitchen, you’ll see the water tip near the window.
On the right, there is a refrigerator; on the left, there is an
electric cooker.
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4）利用平行结构实现句与句的连贯和衔接。例如：
(1)、Farmers raise fruit, vegetable and animals
that feed a nation. Teachers explain mathematics,
history, science and literature that educate a
nation. Police enforce the rules, regulations and
laws that protect a nation. These three groups of
people and thousands of others form a nation.
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(2) It is bad manners to interrupt anyone who is
reciting or speaking. It is bad manners to wave the
hand in the air to attract the teachers attention. It
is bad manners to show an excessive eagerness
to recite and show off your knowledge or
cleverness. It is also bad manners to keep silent
when the teacher asks you a question. If you do
not know the answer, say so immediately; if you
do, give it in a distinct voice so that all the chass
may hear.
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但是在大多数段落中，通常用来衔接的方法并不止一种，有时是两种或
两种以上。例1：
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①Telephone, television ,radio and telegraph all help people
communicate with each other .②Because of these devices , ideas and
news of events spread quickly all over the world.③For example, within
seconds, people can know the results of an election in another country.
④An international football match comes into the home of everyone with
a television set.⑤News of a disaster such as an earthquake or a flood
can bring help from distant countries. ⑥Within hours, help is on the
way.⑦Because of modern technology like the satellites that travel
around the world, information travels faster.
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例2
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①There are many legal problens connected with obtaining a patent.②
For example ,the application must be very carefully worded.③If there is
any confusion or misunderstanding, the patent might not be granted or
the inventor might not be fully protected.④Therefore, when an inventor
applies for a patent , he usually asks a patent lawyer to take care of all
legal matters.⑤A patent lawyer is a lawyer who is an expert in the laws
regarding patents.⑥Patent lawyers also argue cases in which a patent
owner claims that someone is making, using ,or selling the invention
without the patent owner’s permission.
5. 段落发展方法

写作中，必须用具体的内容来发展、阐述主
题句。常用的方法有：举例，列举，推理，
因果分析，比较对照，陈列事实等方法。具
体用何种方法取决于主题内容。
1．列举法
通常用来罗列 优点、缺点、问题用途等。
 列举时常用的句型：
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(1) to begin with . . . ,secondly . . . ,besides . . . ,lastly
(2) for one thing . . . ,for another . . . ,finally . . . .
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(3) first . . . ,second . . . ,third . . . ,moreover . . . .

(3) firstly . . . ,secondly . . . , next . . . , in addition. . . .

具体实例
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1）Because of the intensity and narrowness of the
beams, lasers can be put to thousands of uses.
Laser beams have been bounced off the
moon .They can cut through diamond or steel.
They are used by doctors for delicate surgery—
sush as repairing damaged eyes. And lasers are
also used as weapons . They can “blind” electronic
systems in planes, tanks and ships.

2）Social activities benefit us in many ways . To
begin with, these activities can widen our
knowledge, because we can learn what we can’t
from our books. Second , these activities can
serve as a bridge between theory and practie,
because we can learn how to put out book
knowledge into practice. Lastly, these activities
can enrich our experienec, in that we can get to
know the society well so that we can adopt to it
easily when we graduate .
2．举例法
通过具体的事例进一步阐述主题。
 常用于举例的词语有：
 to illustrate, an illustration/an example, for
example/for instance, particularly/in
particular, such as, like等。
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常用于举例的句型如下：
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(1) An illustration (or example ) of the changing world is the
increasing role the UN plays in dealing with world issues.
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(2) Two examples are polio and smallpox.
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(3) This can be best illustrated (or exemplified )by body
movements.
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(4) Computers have entered many areas of our lives like
airlines, banks and offices.
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(5) Everybody knows that study skills are very important in
our study. Let’s take three commonly accepted study skills
for example.
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(6) The earth is suffer from a series man-made disasters:
for instance, the pollution of water.
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(7) Body movements have meaning, for example, the lifting
of an eyebrow.
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(8) Robots will soon be working in factories doing the boring, complex
and unpleasant jobs which are at present still done by man .In some
areas such as the car industry this has already started.
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(9) Personal success in America is measured according to a number of
one’s accomplishments, particularly his monetary gains .
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(10) Animals communicate with one another by means of cries: for
example ,many birds utter warning calls at the approaching of dander.
3．因果关系法
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通过分析因果关系揭示主题。
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常用于表达因果关系的结构如下：
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（1）结果在前，原因在后：
cause
effect
cause
cause
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（2）原因在前，结果在后：
effect
cause
effect
effect
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表达因果关系常用的句型：
as a result
consequently
 (1) He smokes too much;
therefore
hence
he coughs badly at night
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(2) He smokes so much that he coughs badly at
night.
lead to
be responsible for
(3) Smoking too much may contribute to
cause
result in
lung cancer.
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(4)、Lung cancer
smoking too much.
is due to
is a result of
is a consequence of
results from
because of
 (5) People suffer lung cancer due to
on account of
as a result of
smoking too much.
因果法实例：
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1）There are three reasons why solar energy has
not been made use of widely. First, the cost for
building a solar power plant is very high.As a
result, the production of one watt of electricity in
power plant is more expensive than that of steam
power or nuclear power. Second, solar power is
unsteady. When it is cloudy or rainy ,solar power
plant cannot work.. Finally, there are not enough
qualified technical personnels to run solar power
plant. For all these reasons, solar energy hasn’t
developed on a large scale in our country.

2）The factors for a great rise in teenager smoking are
complex . Some attribute it to the increased standard of
living which? enables kids to have more pocket
money ,and others place the blame on cigarette advertising
and the import of cigarettes, which give them easy access
to nicotines .However, the factors, actually, are
psychological as well as social. Most young people begin
to smoke just out of curiosity: they have a strong desire to
experience the pleasure of smoking which is forbidden to
them, they also have a subconscious feeling that smoking
will make them mature and sophisticated.
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3）Smoking can result in many bad effects.First,
doctors and scientists have found that it is harmful
to the smoker’s health. It may cause serious
desease such as heart trouble or lung
cancer .Cigarette smoke will pollute the air and
affect others’health too .Besides, many big fires
have been caused by careless smokers. These
have resulted in great loses of lives and properties.
Moreover,cigarettes are usually very expensive
and smokers have to spend a lot of money on
them every year .So people must give up smoking .
4．比较、对照法
比较对照时，可采用以下两种方法
 ⑴ 先阐述甲，再阐述乙方，即：甲1，甲2，
甲3……乙1，乙2，乙3……
 ⑵ 两方同时阐述，逐条比较，即：甲1，乙1；
甲2，乙2，甲3，乙3……
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比较对照时常用句型：
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(1) Kennedy’s death was similar to Lincoln’s in that
they both died in office.

(2) Like Lincoln, Kennedy was assasinated by a
murderer.
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(3) Both Lincoln and kennedy are remembered for
their interest in civil rights.
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(4) Lincoln and Kennedy have many qualities in
common.
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(5) There are certain similarities between Lincoln
and kennedy.
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(6) In the U.S. canada and Australia, the
educational system are much alike.

(7) TV is different from radio in several ways.
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(8) Maths is mainly concerned with the study of
number , shapes and quantities , while physics is
concerned with the study of the natural
phenomena.
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(9) Although global resources of iron are now
clearly more than adequate, the resource situation
for individual countries is more uncertain.

(2)
Unlike
Contrary to beer which contains a
In contrast to
little bit alcohol, wine contains much alcohol.
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具体实例：
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1）The northern and southern polar regions are different in many ways.
The most important difference concerns the distribution of land and
water. The north Arctic(北极)regions are ice-covered, almost
completely surrounded by land. The pole itself is in deep water. In the
south , Antarctic (南极)is a huge continent which is surrounded by a
great ocean. Because of this basic difference other differences, occur.
The Arctic has a varied climate, while the Antarctic climate varies little;
the Arctic has much plant life, but the Antarctic is an empty desert. And
whereas the Arctic has been exploited economically for centuries, trade
has never really touched Antarctic.
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2）There are striking similarities between two of the most popular
U.S.presidents, Abrabam Lincoln and John F.Kennedy. Both men had
their elections legally challenged .Lincoln and Kennedy are both
remembered for their sense of humor ,as well as for their interest in
civil rights. Lincoln’s secretary was Mrs Kennedy; Kennedy’s secretary
was Mrs Lincoln. Neither man took the advie of his secretary not to
make a public appearance on which he was assassinated (暗杀).
Lincoln and Kennedy were both killed on Friday in the presence of their
wives. And finally ,the same caisson carried the bodies of both men in
their funeral processions.
5、分类法
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这种方法主要用于描述种类。
分类常用句型：
(1)、The different types of energy can be distinguished
on the basis of
according to
depending on
their uses.
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
(2) There are
types
three main kinds
sorts
of energy.
be divided
(3) Energy can classified
fall
into three main types: experimental energy,
conventional

(4) Drinks are of two kinds:soft drink and alcohol.

(5) Fruits may be subdivided according to their
tastes.
分类法具体实例：

1）Examinations fall into three kinds. One is the machinescored “objective” type. In an objective test , the students
answer questions by deciding on best choice among a
number of alter-natives given. Another is the “completion”
type. This kind of examination requires the students to add
a word or phrase to complete a sentence . And the third
type is the essay examination, in which the students are
asked to write a compostion on a given topic. All these
kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a
student may have learned in any particular course.

2）A group of people with the same color of skin , shape of
head and type of hair is called a race. Scientists divide the
people of the world into five different races. Most people
belong to the three main ones, which are the whiteskinned , the black skinned and the yellow skinned races.
The two smaller ones are the Australian Abrigines and the
Bushmen of Southern Africa.
6、定义法

定义法也是段落发展的方法之一，通过定义引出要讨论的话
题。

定义法常用句型：

(1) A pencil is an implement for writing, drawing , or
marking.

(2) Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas ,
emo-tions and experiences in a distinctive form and style.

(3) “Prejudice” involves making up one’s mind before looking at the
facts.

(4) For many people , the term “classical” is comewhat vaguely
opposed to “popular” music, and is thought of as including the work of
such composers as Liszt, Berlioz and Tchaikovsky.

(5) Geography may be defined as the science of the earth’s sur-face.

(6) Many people suffer from insomnia ; that is , they can’t sleep.
定义法实例：

1）Ecology(生态) is the branch of biological science that deals with the
relations between living things and their enviroment or surroundings.
Ecologist study the effect of the enviroment on the form , habits , and
the spread of plants and animals. They are also interested in the
effects of plants and animals on each other and the nature of the land
and the sea. All these things determine the kinds of animals and plants
that will be able to live in a particular region. Ecology is divided into
subcategories, plant ecology – surroundings which may favorably
foster the growth of plants; and animal ecology, which refers to the
enviroment to which animals can find themselves easy to adapt. These
two areas of study are actually indivisable.

2）Centuries ago, the English word “hostel” meant an inn. It was a
stopping place where a traveller could find food and shelter for a night
or two before going on with his journey. Today, when people speak of
hostels, they mean special places where students and other travelers
can find simple, pleasant lodgings. These lodgings do not offer the
same services that hotels do, and the prices charged for food and bed
are low. Here the traveler can meet others like himself who choose
hosteling over the more usual and espensive ways of seeing a country.
7、时间顺序法

通常在记叙文或过程描写时多用时间顺序法。

表时间顺序的常用句型：

(1) If you want to make fried egg, you should break the egg
first, then add a little salt and stir it thoroughly. After that ,
pour it into the hot frying pan.

(2) Fred graduated from middle schools when he was
seventeenth. After a year , he jojned the army. At the age of
twen-ty-two, he retired from the army.

(3) Before marrying, Jane had been working in a
big company.

(4) You must stay in school until you are sixteen
years old.

(5) After four years in army, he becomes a brave
man .
时间顺序法实例

1）Charlie Spencer Chapline was born on April 16, 1989 ,
in London. His childhood was one of extreme poverty. But
Charlie showed an early gift for acting and longed to be an
actor. He went to the United States for the first time in 1910
as part of a troupe. In 1913 , the troupe traveled in the
United States, and Chapline met the film producer Mack
Sebnnett . His first short film, Making a Living, was made in
1914 for Senett. By 1915 , Chaplin was world-famous and
making $1,250 a week.

2）About 4,000 million years ago, the earth formed from a
cloud of dust and gas orbitting the sun. After some years,
the oldest rocks surviving today were formed . Following
their formation, the first plants appeared and produced
oxygen. Now that they had some thing to eat and could
breathe, the first animal appeared. Many years later, the
dinosaurs began to dominate the earth and then died out .
And final-ly, the earliest men appeared.
8、空间顺序法
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在描述景物、环境布局时常用空间顺序法
描述空间顺序的常用句型：
(1) Behind the house a hill rose sharply.
(2) The house stands among trees.
(3) Under the bridge , a boat is running .
(4) The nearest neighbor of Great Britain is France.
(5) The island is surrounded by the Atlantic ocean, to the
west, and the North Sea, to the east.
(6) There is a window on the west wall.
(7) The shop is opposite our university.
(8) there is a beautiful garden in front of the library.
空间顺序法实例

1）This is our neighbourhood service centre. How
busy every-body is ! The man in the middle is
mending shoes . At a counter on the right , a
woman is showing an old man a towel and some
soap. We see a girl at the door. She is going to do
housework for the families in the neighbourhood.
Two women are sewing by the window . One of
them is making a shirt and the other is patching a
pair of trousers . The workers at the service center
help their neighbours in many ways . They play an
important part in socialist construction.

2）As you come into the room , you can see
a piano, with a low stool in front of it . Next
to the piano is a tall bookcase , standing
against the wall. On the right , there is a
table with some cups on it . On the left of the
piano, there is a wardrobe (衣柜) with a
bright minor. Close to standing a beautiful
artificial ever-green tree.
三、三段式作文的开头和结尾
1 .开始段
 2. 结尾段

1. 起始段

英文文章的开头有很多方法，下面列出了一
些常见的文章开头方法以及相应的句型，以
供大家参考。
（1）两种观点对比法

As regards the farmer migration into
the cities, there has been a heated
discussion among the general public in our
society. The majority of people argue that
this mass migration is beneficial to the
development of both the countryside and
the cities. Other people, however, hold that
there are more disadvantages arising from
this migration movement.

There is a heated discussion today about whether
parents should send their children studying abroad.
Those who oppose this phenomenon argue that it
brings a great burden and pressure to the family,
and for students they cannot adapt to the new
culture very quickly. But people who are in favor of
such behavior maintain that children will be more
competitive and well repaid in the future life.

There are many arguments about the
advantages and disadvantages of
examination. Some students complain that
their teachers have been giving them so
many exams that they have little free time .
While some teachers think that some
students do not work hard simply because
they are not examined often enough.
On Birth Control

After two decades of a baby boom , China
made it a practice in the early 1970s that
one family can only have one child. It is
quite necessary considering the greater
pressure the country feels from the fast
increasing number of people.

Yet ever since then, people at home and abroad have
voiced different opinions about it . Most people say that we
should turn to strict birth control as we are approaching the
limit of the number of people the nation can support
adequately. But there are others who argue that if birth
control is imposed on the population, the future of the
Chinese would be seriously endangered. They think that
very intelligent people would be more likely to have fewer
children, and this would bring about a lowering of the
general level of intelligence in the population.

This argument, however, does not hold water. For
they fail to recognize that in addition to gene,
intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a
good education and a decent home environment.
And all these things are in danger of being denied
as our population is increasing faster than the
supply of food, available resources and job
opportunities.

If we want to improve the quality of our lives;
if we want everyone to be healthy, wealthy
and happy ; and if we want to see a
prosperous, powerful nation in the world,
strict birth control is quite essential.
模板1：


Some people support
by claiming that
. In their
opinion,
. In addition,
. Meanwhile, there are some
people, especially young men, who
. Their reasons
are quite different, sometimes for
, sometimes for
,
sometimes simply for
.
In my point of view, both sides are partly right. To
thoroughly analyze this problem, we should take into
consideration of all relevant aspects, so as to make the
right decision. Therefore, my conclusion would be that
.
模板2：


Some people take it for granted that
. For
example, they firmly believe that
. But they
often neglect that fact that
. Yet there are also
another group of people who hold a different point
of view. They think that
. Beside,
.
Personally, my attitude for this matter is positive,
with reasons as follows. Firstly,
.
Moreover,
. Lastly,
. Therefore,
.
（2）事实陈述法

With the rapid development of industry, the
environment is being destroyed without any
mercy from man. Trees are cut down, rare
animals get killed, rivers drain dry, and
mountains become bare.
With the damage comes the punishment
of the nature, such as flood, sandstorm,
drought, plague, unknown virus, etc.

The past few years have witnessed a
frantically increasing interest in buying
lottery tickets, especially for the young
people. Some people even go so far to quit
their work and make it their career, which
means great risks.
（3）观点阐述法



It is widely acknowledged that the qualities of the
air has gone from bad to worse.
Now people in growing number are coming to
realize that the qualities of the air has gone from
bad to worse.
There is no denying / doubt that the qualities of
the air has gone from bad to worse.
（4）图画描述法

As is shown/described in the pictures, we
can see clearly that a flower, with the
protection from the heavy rain, grows very
well in a green house. But once removed
the protection and exposed to the bitter
weather, it withers and fades.

In the picture, we can see clearly that all of
the men are working together to build a
house. Without their combined effort, the
house would be unlikely to be completed.
This is a kind of teamwork spirit that is
highly valued in today’s society.
Almost everybody who lives in the urban
areas of China is familiar with the
phenomenon shown in this picture.
 The picture presents/exibits/portrays/depicts
an interesting scenario occurring in…

the picture reveals a common and serious
problem in China: how to educate and
cultivate the young.
 It is a very eye-catching photo in which…
 As is suggested by the picture …


As is shown in the graph, it can be easily
concluded that the past twenty years have
seen some ups and downs in China’s
growth rate whereas there has been a
steady increase in the amount of GDP.

From the pie chart, we find that among 5.5
billion people in the world, the smokers
almost account for 20 percent of the total
population.

From the above bar chart, we learn that the
life expectancy in the developing countries
rose greatly from 1960 to 1990 with the
infant mortality declining sharply
How People Spent Their Holidays
 Changes in the Ways People Spent Their
Holidays


2.结尾段的写法



总结性句型
In one word, protecting natural resources is
the same as protecting our mankind.
A lesson that we can draw from this example is
quite obvious. Honesty is crucial for the
survival of an enterprise. Only with honesty
can the enterprise set up a good image, thus
win the trust of the clients.
建设性句型

To solve this problem, a combined effort is really
very necessary. First, factories should try all
means to clean the polluted water and gas before
such waste stuff flow into the river or emit into the
air. Second, each government should make
effective laws to punish various illegal conducts
that are potentially harmful to the environment.
Last but not the least, anyone of us has good
reason to take actions for the restoration of the
beauty of our globe.

To eradicate this tumor of society, two
measures have to be taken immediately. For
one thing, we should appeal to our
government to make rigid laws to punish the
briber and the bribed. For another, we ought
to enhance their sense of serving people,
not mastering people.
号召性句型
It is high time that parents, educators and
the government made combined efforts to
put an end to this situation.
 From now on, let us take actions to heal our
globe, and clean up our environment! Some
day, peoples in all nations will be enveloped
with the blue sky and green lands.

警示性句型

Our society is no longer prepared to tolerate
unnecessary cruelty to animals for science
and entertainment. If we continue our crimes
against these creatures, we will be
remembered as cruel and inhuman by the
generations of the future.
展望性句型
Just imagine how great the world would be if
only we would have greater concern for our
fellowmen.
 I believe a happy and bright future is
awaiting us if we make every effort to
promote cultural development both
nationally and internationally.





观点性句型
As far as I am concerned, I hate the terrible dirt
and noise in the city. So, given the chance, I would
prefer to live peacefully in the country.
In my opinion, the real implication of the author is
that …
Personally, I prefer to …
四、应用文写作

求职信、祝贺信、道歉信、询问信、推荐信、感谢信、邀请
信、辞职信等 应用文写作
感谢信“三步走”
 表达感谢之情及原因→提及曾受过什么帮助
或者说明喜爱礼品的原因→再次表达诚挚的
谢意。




Directions: You have just celebrated your birthday
and your university classmate Jack has sent you
an MP3 as the gift for your birthday. Write a letter
to express your thanks to him.
Write the letter with no less than 100 words.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.
Use “Wang Hua” instead. Do not write the address.






Dear Jack,
I am writing to express my sincere thanks for the MP3
you sent to me as my birthday gift last Sunday.
How considerate and wonderful of you to remember
my birthday. It’s one of the most wonderful gifts I’ve ever
got and I like it very much. You have a positive genius for
selecting the right gift!
The four years I spent with you at university has
always been the most pleasant period in my life. I will
cherish this memory forever. How nice it would be to see
you again.
I am looking forward to getting lots of use out of your
thoughtful and practical birthday gift.
Sincerely yours
询问信“三步走”
 引言部分自我介绍并讲明询问目的→发展部
分是询问的主要内容→最后期待回复并表示
感谢。

邀请信写作“三步走”：
 邀请对方参加的活动的内容、时间和地点→
与该活动有关的注意事项→期待对方接受邀
请，并可表示感谢。

求职信写作“三步走”：
 自我介绍，说明求职目的—>展示个人能力、
经历及求职动机—>希望面试机会、表示感谢

申请信写作“三步走”：
 申请的具体内容和缘由→自己的情况和条件
→提出要求，如回信、面试等等。

Positive and Negative Aspects of Internet

With the development of computers,
Internet has widely entered our daily life.(1)
It’s a fantastic information expressway that
connects every corner of the world.(2)
However, like everything else, it has both
positive and negative aspects.(3)


On the one hand, Internet has many favorable
aspects.(4) To begin with, it provides tremendous
most updated and useful information and greatly
enriches our knowledge.(5) Besides, it brings
much convenience to us and greatly facilitate our
daily life.(6) To illustrate, we can almost do
everything online by just staying at home, getting
all kinds of information or educational programs
from the long—distance educational system,
shopping on the website, ordering books,
reserving hotel rooms, doing business and
sending E—mails.(7)

But on the other hand, Internet has many
unfavorable aspects. (8) First, computer viruses
bring us many troubles. (9) Besides, useless
information and games are sent to us unavoidably
which take up much of our time and waste us
much money.(10) Worst of all, there is always
unavoidable pornography and obscenity on the
Internet, which will do much harm to people,
especially to youngsters.(11)

To sum up, in my opinion, Internet is like a
double—edged sword.(12) We should make
the best use of one edge and try not to be
hurt by the other.(13) Only in the way can
Internet play a favorable role in our
society.(14)
五、范文

1.Part IV. Writing

Low-carbon economy has become a catchword recently.
Write a composition of no less than 150 words to
1) explain the meaning of low-carbon economy
2) state the necessity of developing low-carbon
economy
3) your plan or measures regarding low-carbon
economy






There is no denying the fact that low-carbon
economy has become a family term in the past
years. Basically, it means reducing the
consumption of such high-carbon sources of
energy as coal and oil, so as to reduce emissions
of greenhouse gas and to achieve a balance
between economic and social development and
ecological environment protection.


Low-carbon economy was put forward against the
background of global warming tendency, which is
challenging human survival and development. It has been
recognized as an undisputed fact that, as the global
population expands and the scale of economies grows, an
increasing amount of high-carbon energy has been used,
giving rise to a series of environmental problems, not just
smog and acid rain, but also greenhouse effect and other
hazards.


Personally, I will drive less and walk or ride more, or at
least I can travel more by such public means of
transportation as the subway or bus. Besides, I shall
reduce the use of such products as plastic bags, paper,
disposable cups and chopsticks, and actually economize
on any kind of resources. It is my firm belief that only
through the concerted efforts of nations and individuals can
we successfully construct low-carbon economy.
范文 2

Write a composition of no less than 150 words according
the following outline

1) the past years witnessed an increasing number of
natural disasters
2) as a consequence, some are pessimistic about
the future of human beings
3) your point of view





No one can have failed to notice the fact that the past
years witnessed an increasing number of natural disasters
in China and other parts of the world. As we see,
earthquakes are hitting almost every continent at a
frequency never reached before in our memory; the
eruption of volcano in Iceland casts another layer of
shadow on people’s mind. In China, many provinces have
suffered or are suffering from prolonged droughts and
floods.


Such being the case, a number of people assert that the
doom of mankind is looming. They firmly believe that the
scenes in the film 2012 will come true: earthquake hitting,
volcanoes erupting, snowcaps melting, sea level rising and
people fleeing for life. Some see others causes of human
doom: greenhouse effect, El Nino phenomenon, acid rain,
pollution as well as the imbalance of eco-system.

Personally, I believe that this issue should be
viewed from more than one perspective. As to
such disasters as earthquakes and volcanoes or
even global warming caused by solar activities, we
surely cannot control. But as to disasters resulting
from human activities, I believe we can mange to
reduce and even to eliminate them. Actually, we
have made and are making efforts to do so.
范文 3




Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30
minutes to write a short essay entitled The Safety
of Food. You should write at least 120 words
following the outline given below in Chinese:
1．目前食品安全的状况
2．产生这些食品质量问题的原因
3．我们应该怎么做

The Safety of Food Despite the decline in the
number of cases related to fake foods and foods
of poor quality, problems remain serious in the
market. Food born diseases remain responsible
for high levels of sickness and mortality in the
general population, particularly for at risk groups,
such as infants, young children, and the elderly.
The most notorious case involved low quality milk
powder in Fuyang, in east China’s Anhui Province,
which caused the death of a dozen babies.

In my personal opinion, I think the responsibility
goes for the most part to the food producers
especially those who fail to meet safety standards.
In order to sell more products, some food
producers may even intentionally use various
chemicals, such as pesticides, animal drugs etc.
during manufacturing and processing just to make
food look or taste good without taking people’s life
into consideration.


As we all know, food additives and contaminants
can adversely affect health. In this regard, in order
to reduce the incidence and economic
consequences of food born diseases, the
supervision of food production should be stepped
up. What’s more, it is important to drastically
increase penalties on those who neglect food
safety statutes. After all, the Food Safety
Department in our country should educate
consumers about the risks presented in food and
the safe food handling behaviors that can help
minimize those risks. Nevertheless, it is our own
awareness of good life style and hygiene habit that
a healthy life relies on.
范文 4

Reports of food poisonings or tainted food
have been frequent in China. In late 2006, illegal
amount of chemicals was discovered in turbot. In
March 2007, KFC was accused of adding oil
filtering power. In September 2008, a fresh
outbreak of kidney disease occurred, due to baby
formula contaminated by melamine, a poisonous
chemical.

These incidents happened so frequently mainly
because the government failed to inspect
efficiently. Though there are around ten national
government department and numerous provincial
and local agencies that share the responsibility to
ensure food safety and monitor food production
and sales, their duties are often overlapping
and ambiguous, which makes the monitoring
system unresponsive.

In my opinion, to guarantee the food safety, the
government should attach great importance to
food inspection and improve the supervision
mechanism. They should check the food products
in the market, immediately pull those disqualified
products off shelves. In my way, Chinese food
will conform to the standard and thus safer and
safer.