Monitoring Sanitation in an Urban
Setting – Experiences from
Kenya
WaterAid roundtable meeting to discuss practical ways of
improving the monitoring of sanitation in urban settings
Wednesday 7th September 2011
Philipp Peters, GIZ Water Sector Reform Programme Kenya
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GIZ approach in supporting Kenya’s water sector
• Engagement with (national) sector
institutions and regulated/registered utilities
for reason of
‒ Strengthening professional structures
‒ Sustainability of interventions
• Alignment to national sector policy and
strategies
‒ National Water Services Strategy (incl.
sanitation) 2007
‒ Pro-poor Implementation Plan 2008
‒ Water Sector Sanitation Concept 2009
• No parallel structures for projects!
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Supported institutions & their role in monitoring
• Ministry of Water & Irrigation: using data provided by Sector
Institutions
• Water Services Regulatory Board (regulator): detailed annual
sector monitoring;
Water Regulation Information System (WARIS)
• Water Services Trust Fund (pro-poor basket):
(1) monitoring project implementation and use of infrastructure;
WSTF Information System
(2) collecting data on all urban low income areas in K;
urban baseline survey MajiData
• Utilities & Asset holding entities:
(1) providing annual data via WARIS
(2) reporting on project implement. & operation via WSTF IS
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A comprehensive urban monitoring framework
Urban served
Utility Information
Systems
Household Surveys
(e.g. DHS, MICS) &
Censuses
Urban
un(der)served
Baseline Surveys
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Water Regulation Information System (WARIS)
Performance monitoring tool
• 65 indicators (financial, commercial, technical etc.) for utilities
& 25 for asset holding entities
• 93/104 utilities & 8/8 asset holding entities reported in 2009/10
• Annual reporting; outputs on progress, comparative
performance, sector performance summary etc.
Sanitation Data
• Urban sanitation coverage: off- & on-site; individual & shared
• NB: on-site sanitation coverage based on estimated figures
 monitoring of on-site sanitation needs to be improved
• Work in progress: Monitoring of sanitation and safe sludge
disposal in urban low income areas (with baseline established)
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MajiData: Baseline Survey & Interactive Database
Total costs
Persons in database
Cost/beneficiary
€ 1 million
7 million
€ 0.14
Total no. of towns
149
Total no. of areas
1,881
• Specifically identifies
un(der)served urban areas
(planned & unplanned)
• Tailor-made to provide key data
on urban low income areas
Method & techniques:
FGDs, plot interviews & counts,
GPS readings, geo-ref. pictures
What sanitation info at what level?
• Dwelling: No. & type of facilities
people use (coverage); whether
facilities (1) shared or not (2)
separate for ♂ & ♀; Also: no. &
usage of bathroom facilities &
rubbish pits
• Area: whether connected to
sewer or not, solid waste &
drainage, phys. characteristics,
main sanitation problem, (sludge
disposal)
Don’t know:
• Quality of facilities, substructure
and content and use of pits
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WSTF: Developments relevant for monitoring
1. WSTF is developing range of household & plot level
(shared) on-site sanitation solutions (incl. sludge
management scheme) in line with sector and HR standards
2. These will be implemented by utilities by means of subsidies
3. Monitoring of implementation, use & sustainability of
sanitation facilities subsidized by WSTF + sludge
management via WSTF Information System
• ALSO: envisaged to create project layer in MajiData (GPS
readings + pictures of facilities)
• Limitation: WSTF monitoring only covers facilities subsidized
by WSTF  can feed MajiData and support utilities in
WARIS reporting but no standalone sector monitoring
mechanism
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Challenges & Opportunities in Monitoring
Sanitation in the urban setting in Kenya
Challenges
• Utility reporting on on-site sanitation not reliable (limited mandate)
• Reporting on implementation, use and sustainability of sanitation
projects by NGOs + community + municipality
 where no involvement of sector institutions (WSTF) & utilities,
how to get information to them (utilities, Regulator)?
• Monitoring of safe sludge disposal & management an issue of
incentives as well as compliance & enforcement
 utilities & Regulator are central players
Opportunities
• New Constitution (2010) assigns responsibility for water & sanitation
services to 47 Counties  management + reporting delegated to
utilities  updating of MajiData
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Thank you for your attention!
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