Water for the World
Quick Quiz…
What percentage of the world’s water
can we drink?
A. 0.8%
B. 6%
C. 19%
D. 30%
A. 0.8%
0.8 %
fresh water
1.7 %
ice, glaciers
Ludovik Hirlimann
www.forestwander.com
97.5 % sea water
Andrew Hux
How many people in the world are
without access to drinking water?
A. 1.1 million
B. 6.7 billion
C. 1.1 billion
D. 2.6 billion
C.1.1 billion (1 in 6 people)
6.7
7
6
5
4
People
(billion)
2.6
3
1.1
2
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On average how many litres of water do
people in the UK use a day?
A. 50
B. 100
C. 150
D. 200
C. 150 litres
= 10 litres
UK Average
150 litres
UK Average
150 litres
Mozambique
8 litres
America
350 litres
How many litres are lost through leaks
in this country per day?
A. 2 million
B. 50 million
C. 500 million
D. 900 million
D. 900 million
Canary Wharf
Dwellings (55%)
Non dwellings (25%)
Lost in transmission (20%)
What percentage of domestic water is
used for flushing toilets in the UK?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 30%
D. 30%
Outdoor
7%
Clothes washing
13%
Other
5%
Toilets
30%
Cooking
4%
Washing up
8%
Shower & sinks
33%
Personal Water Usage
How long can we live without food?
4-8 weeks
How long can we live without water?
3-5 days
Really?! How much do we need per
day?
30 – 50 L
Okay… How much do we use?
140 – 160 L
Where does it all go?
Brushing teeth :
0.01 - 1 L
Drinking:
1–2L
Cooking:
1–5L
Washing hands and face:
1–3L
Flushing the toilet:
5 – 10 L
Having a power shower/bath:
50 – 150 L
Having a shower:
1 – 40 L
Washing machine:
30 – 100 L
Dish washer:
30 – 100 L
Cleaning car:
5 – 200 L
Watering Garden:
1 – 17 L/m2
Total on average person:
140 – 160 L
Water Consumption
Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2008) Globalization of water: Sharing the
planet's freshwater resources, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK
Availability of Water
World Resources Institute - PAGE, 2000
Water Scarcity
International Water Management Institute
From Plant to the You!
How does water get to us?
River “source”
Add chemicals
Stir
Distributee
Settle
Filter
Store
Disinfect
Water Treatment Plant
Arup
Alternative Water Sources
Ground Well
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG
Alternative Water Sources
Springs
Alternative Water Sources
Surface Water – Lakes and Rivers
Courtesy of Indrajit Shah
Alternative Water Sources
Sea – Thermal Desalination or Reverse Osmosis
Arup
Alternative Water Sources
Rainwater Harvesting
What about Developing Countries?
What is a Developing Country?
What does “available water” mean to them?
What are the constrains posed by water
scarcity to people in those countries?
What is a Developing Country?
Low standards of democratic governments
Weak economy
Low standards of industry
Low standards of social welfare and social programs
Low standards human rights
World Development Map
Advanced economies
Emerging economies
Developing economies
Source: IMF
Water Infrastructure in Developing Countries
No pipelines to rural areas
Water Delivery by Water-tank Cars
Anokhee Shah,
Lack of Infrastructure in Developing Countries
Groundwater - Well with Pump
WaterAId
Walking long distances
People have to go to water sources
Women and children collect the water
In parts of Africa people walk up to
20 km per day to get clean water
Contamination
Water can be contaminated by:
Micro organisms
Bacteria: Salmonela
(enterobacteria) causes
diarrohea
: Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Metazoa
Virus: Rotavirus is the
leading single cause of
severe diarrohea among
infants and young children,
and is one of several
viruses that cause
infections commonly known
as stomach flu
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org
Protozoa: Causes
severe diarrohea,
epigastric pain,
bloating, nausea,
diminished interest in
food, possible
vomiting and weight
loss
Metazoa: Ascaris
Ascariatis – Ingested
eggs release larvae
which matures to
adult worms inside
the human host. A
female worm can
produce up to
200.000 eggs/day.
Contamination
Water can be contaminated by:
Dissolved chemicals
:
Dissolved chemicals can be
toxic, carcinogenic,
mutanogenic, corrosive,
irritant and may cause
irreparable
damage to the environment.
Raw sewage and industrial waste
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG
Contamination
Particulates (small bits)
:
Sediment Pollution (Muddy
River Effect)
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muddy_USGS.jpg
Contamination
Contamination brings diseases such as:
Cholera
Typhoid fever
Salmonella
These diseases are the biggest cause of mortality in
developing countries.
Treatment – Simple Technology
Potters for Peace – Ceramic Water Filters
Slow sand filtration – Biosand Filter
Potters for Peace
www.biosandfilter.org
Water Filter Challenge!
In groups, make a WORKABLE water filter
Each group = A Country
Follow the instruction sheet
Buy supplies
Demonstrate filter at end.
Rules of the Challenge!
Only 1 person per group buys at a time.
You can ONLY buy in the first 20 minutes.
You can talk and deal with other groups.
No cheating! – Not that you would …
How does this relate to the real wold?
Activity
Real World
Money difference
Based on actual country’s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
Illegible instructions
Based on actual country’s illiteracy rate
Lack of education and access to information
Resourcefulness
People in poorer countries have their own ways
of coping
Countries share
Richer countries may offer “Official
Development Assistance” (ODA) to poorer
countries
Countries form groups like the G8, OECD, or
Group of 24
Respect
Goes with power.
Challenges
It’s not just about giving money and
technology…
… it’s about using the best long-term solution for
the problem!
Ownership – Are they going to care if everything is done
for them? Is it going to last long?
Training – who will fix it?
What Can you Do?
Discussion and Questions