Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Crew Positions
Commander/Pilot Astronauts
•
Commander/Pilot Astronauts
– Pilot astronauts serve as Space Shuttle
commanders and pilots. They are responsible
for the vehicle, crew, mission success and
safety of flight. They handle launch, on-orbit
maneuvers, and landing operations.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
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Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Crew Positions
Mission-specialist Astronauts
•
Mission-specialist Astronauts
– Mission-specialist astronauts work with the
commander and the pilot to coordinate
Shuttle operations in Shuttle systems, crew
activity planning, use of consumables, and
experiment or payload operations. They help
the pilot and commander during critical
operations and operate experiments, deploy
satellites, or do EVAs.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
2
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Crew Positions
Payload Specialists
•
Payload Specialists
– Payload specialists are persons other than
NASA astronauts (including foreign nationals)
who have special onboard duties. They are
responsible for a specific payload.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
3
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Crew Positions
Astronaut-candidate Training
•
Candidates train at JSC in a variety of
subjects including training in land and sea
survival, scuba diving, and space suits.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
4
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Crew Positions
Astronaut Formal Training
•
•
Astronauts begin their formal training in the
space transportation system by reading manuals
and taking computer-based training lessons on
the orbiter’s systems.
The next step in training is the single-system
trainer (SST). Astronauts join instructors who
help them learn about the operations of each
orbiter subsystem.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
5
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Crew Positions
Astronaut Formal Training (cont’d)
•
Following the SST part of
the training program,
the astronauts begin
training in the complex
Shuttle Mission
Simulators (SMSs) which
provide training in all
areas of shuttle-vehicle
operations.
Shuttle Mission Simulator
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
6
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Crew Positions
Astronaut Formal Training (cont’d)
The pilot’s station during a mission-training session in the
Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS)
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
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Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Crew Positions
Astronaut Formal Training (cont’d)
•
The Neutral Buoyancy
Laboratory (NBL) offers
controlled neutralbuoyancy operations in
its water tank to simulate
the zero-g or weightless
condition (Figure 15-27).
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
8
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Mission Operations
•
•
•
Space Shuttle Mission Operations
occur at NASA’s Johnson Space
Center in Houston, TX.
Since 1965, the Mission Control
Center (MCC) has been the nerve
center for America’s manned
space program.
The MCC’s focal point is the Flight
Control Room (or FCR,
pronounced “Ficker”). The new
MCC architecture represents one
of the world’s largest distributive
computer systems in one complex.
Figure 15-30 captures an overall Space Shuttle’s Flight Control Room
view of the FCR.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
9
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle’s Future
– Future plans for the Space Shuttle involve
keeping it flying safely until about 2020.
– As a matter of national security and
technological preeminence, the U.S. wants and
needs to maintain, and eventually grow, the
ability to send crews to orbit.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
10
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle’s Future (cont’d)
Two Artists Concepts of The Orbital Space Plane (OSP)
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
11
Case Study: Space Stations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Way Stations in Space
Space Station History
The Skylab Space Station
Apollo-Soyuz Linkup
Early Soviet Space Stations
Europe’s Spacelab
The International Space Station
ISS and Beyond
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
12
Case Study: Space Stations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Way Stations in Space
Space Station History
The Skylab Space Station
Apollo-Soyuz Linkup
Early Soviet Space Stations
Europe’s Spacelab
The International Space Station
ISS and Beyond
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
13
Case Study: Space Stations
Way Stations in Space
• Very early in the Space Age, visionaries dreamed of
establishing outposts in low-Earth orbit and beyond
to serve as way stations for astronauts exploring the
high frontier.
• We’ll look at how space stations have developed
from the first American and Soviet stations to the
current International Space Station.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
14
Case Study: Space Stations
Space Station History
• NASA wanted to start understanding the
challenges of lengthy space flights.
• The U.S. wanted to find out what would
happen to astronauts after several weeks,
months, or even years.
• The U.S. would need a space station to answer
these questions.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
15
Case Study: Space Stations
The Skylab Space Station
•
The first U.S. space
station was called
Skylab. It was
launched in May
1973 and was home
to three crews of
astronauts form 28
to 84 days at a time.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations SECTION 15.4
16
Case Study: Space Stations
The Skylab Space Station (cont’d)
•
A large space station in low-Earth orbit
could provide:
–
–
–
–
A laboratory and observatory
A control center for space operations
A spacecraft launching platform
A way station for trips to the Moon and the
planets
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
17
Case Study: Space Stations
The Skylab Space Station (cont’d)
•
•
The combination of
home, workshop and
observatory is referred
to as “the cluster”.
The cluster consisted of
the orbital workshop,
airlock module,
multiple docking
adapter, and the Apollo
telescope mount.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
18
Case Study: Space Stations
The Skylab Space Station (cont’d)
•
•
The cluster consisted of
the orbital workshop,
airlock module, multiple
docking adapter, and the
Apollo telescope mount.
The orbital workshop was
the main part of the
Skylab in which
astronauts lived and did
much of their work.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
19
Case Study: Space Stations
Apollo-Soyuz Linkup
•
•
•
The Apollo-Soyuz mission marked the first
ever internationally manned mission and was
a milestone for improved U.S./Soviet relations.
The Apollo-Soyuz linkup was a joint space
effort named after the two spacecraft used.
A new standard docking module was used to
safely join two different spacecraft designs.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
20
Case Study: Space Stations
Apollo-Soyuz Linkup (cont’d)
Soyuz launch for ASTP
Apollo launch for ASTP
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
21
Case Study: Space Stations
Apollo-Soyuz Linkup (cont’d)
•
The historic
handshake between
Thomas Stafford and
Alexei Leonov was
made during the
Apollo-Soyuz Test
Project (ASTP).
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
22
Case Study: Space Stations
Early Soviet Space Stations
•
•
The Soviet Union
developed a
sophisticated series of
Salyut space stations
beginning in the 1960s
through the mid-1980s.
In 1986 the Mir space
station was launched,
starting a new era in
long-duration space
flight.
Salyut 7 Space Station
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
23
Case Study: Space Stations
Early Soviet Space Stations
•
•
Salyut 1, the first space station in
history, reached orbit with no crew
atop a Proton rocket on April 19, 1971.
Salyut 3, 4, and 5 supported a total of 5
crews among them.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
24
Case Study: Space Stations
Early Soviet Space Stations
Salyut 6 Key Facts
•
•
•
•
Station received 16 cosmonaut crews; longest stay
for Salyut 6 cosmonauts was 185 days.
Station hosted cosmonauts from Hungary, Poland,
Romania, Cuba, Mongolia, Vietnam and East
Germany.
Twelve Progress freighters delivered more than 20
tons of equipment, supplies, and fuel.
An experimental transport logistics spacecraft called
Cosmos 1267 docked with Salyut 6 in 1982.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
25
Case Study: Space Stations
Early Soviet Space Stations
Salyut 7 Key Facts
•
•
•
•
•
Salyut 7 was home to ten cosmonauts crews, longest
stay time was 237 days.
Cosmonauts from France and India worked onboard
the station.
Thirteen Progress freighters delivered more than 25
tons of equipment, supplies, and fuel.
Cosmos 1443 and Cosmos 1686 docked with Salyut
7.
Salyut 7 was abandoned in 1986 and reentered
Earth’s atmosphere over Argentina in 1991.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
26
Case Study: Space Stations
Europe’s Spacelab
The Spacelab was designed to be flown in the Space Shuttle
cargo bay, so experiments could be exposed directly to
the vacuum of space.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
27
Case Study: Space Stations
•
The International Space Station
The ISS is the largest, most complex
international space mission ever undertaken.
The U.S., Russia, Canada, Japan and the
European Space Agency are all cooperating
on this grand project.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
28
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
The Shuttle-Mir Program
•
•
After the end of the Cold War
in the early 1990s, the U.S.
and Russia again teamed on a
series of Shuttle-Mir mission s
that set the stage for
cooperation on the
International Space Station
(ISS).
Seven U.S. astronauts spent a
collective total of 32 months
onboard Mir, with 28 months
of continuous occupancy since
March 1996.
Shuttle-Mir Docking
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
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Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
Building the International Space Station
International Space Station elements
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
30
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
Building the International Space Station (cont’d)
•
•
•
The components and construction sequence for
the International Space Station are the most
complex ever attempted.
The station is in an orbit with an altitude of 400
kilometers (250 miles) and an inclination of 51.6°.
The international partners are Canada, Japan, the
European Space Agency, and Russia.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
31
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
Assembly in Orbit
•
•
The assembly in orbit of
the ISS begins a new
era of hands-on work in
space.
It involved more space
walks than ever before
and joined more than
100 different
components to make
up the ISS.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
ISS Construction
32
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
•
•
A New Generation of Space Robotics
To build
and maintain the ISS, astronauts
who walk in space will work in partnership
with a new generation of space robotics.
In addition to mechanical arms, other
robotics may be used onboard the station.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
33
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
Research on the International Space Station
•
Astronauts will complete
thousands of experiments
onboard ISS in the following
areas:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Protein crystal studies
Tissue culture
Life in low gravity
Flames, fluids, and metal in
space
The nature of space
Watching the Earth
Commercializing space
Plants in Space
–
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
34
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
•
•
International Space Station Operations
ISS operations take place at NASA’s Johnson
Space Center in Houston, Texas.
Like the Space Shuttle’s operations center,
the ISS has similar controller positions, such
as Flight Director, Capcom, GC, EVA,
Surgeon, and PAO.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
35
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
International Space Station Operations (cont’d)
•
Flight-controller positions for the Space Station and
their responsibilities are as follows:
–
–
–
Attitude Determination and control officer (ADCO) –
integration of all activities for guidance, navigation, and
control; propulsion; and the Interim Control Module.
Thermal Operations and Resources (THOR) – handles
assembly and operation of the Station’s thermal-control
system.
Communications and Tracking Officer (CATO) – manages
the U.S. communication systems that provide uplinks and
downlinks.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
36
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
•
•
•
•
International Space Station Operations (cont’d)
Assembly and Checkout Officer (ACO) – develops operations
for station assembly, activation, and checkout.
Operations Planner (OP) – develops execution plans outside
of the docked phase.
Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) –
oversees assembly and safe operation of the life-support
system.
Power, Heating, Articulation, Lighting, and control
(PHALCON) – makes sure power is available to payloads and
core systems.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
37
Case Study: Space Stations
The International Space Station
International Space Station Operations (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
Operations Support Officer (OSO) – handles logistics support,
including on-orbit maintenance, support data and documentation,
logistics information systems, and maintenance analysis.
Onboard, Data, Interfaces and Networks (ODIN) – manages
computer hardware and software, crew interface devices, caution
and warning, command and telemetry processing, and data
interfaces with the international partners.
Robotics Operations Systems Officer (ROSO) – monitors the
operations of the stations robotic arm and mobile servicing system.
Trajectory Operations Officer (TOPO) – plans, analyzes, and
monitors the station’s altitude profile and re-boost maneuvers.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
38
Case Study: Space Stations
ISS and Beyond
•
Mission planners are
starting to explore the
vast possibilities of
using the Earth-Moon
libration points as
staging locations for
large observatories,
interplanetary
missions and even
space stations.
Lagrange Libration Points
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
39
Case Study: Space Stations
ISS and Beyond (cont’d)
•
These points are locations within the EarthMoon system where the gravitational pull of
the two bodies “cancel out” allowing an
object placed at these points to maintain the
same relative position without the continual
need to fire rockets.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
40
Case Study: Space Stations
ISS and Beyond
•
Space Colonies
Why should permanent space colonies be
built?
–
–
–
–
Materials processing and manufacturing can take
place without polluting the Earth’s environment.
More unique and better products can be developed
in space.
The space colony approach could lead to people’s
existence in other solar systems that do not have
habitable planets.
Space is a new and different frontier.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
41
Case Study: Space Stations
ISS and Beyond
•
•
Space Colonies (cont’d)
There are two points
in space that seem to
be the best locations
for space colonies.
These points are
designated L4 and
L5. The L signifies
Lagrange, after
Joseph Lagrange.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
42
Summary
•
•
•
•
U.S. Manned Space Program
Soviet Manned Space Program
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
Case Study: Space Stations
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
43
Closure
Our course study of space is now complete. We
hope you’ll stay current by reading
newspapers and magazine articles, checking
the Internet for space information, and talking
with your friends and teachers about the
wonders of space!
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned
Space Explorations
44