HVAC Excellence
2011 National HVACR
Education & Trainers Conference
Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Buildings
The Opportunities Ahead
Gordon V.R. Holness P.E.
ASHRAE
Presidential Member 2009-10
Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Buildings
The Opportunities Ahead
Significant New Trends in the
HVAC & R Industry as We Seek to
Resolve the Issues of Increasing
Energy Demand, Decreasing Supply
and Environmental Impact.
Sustaining our Future by
Rebuilding our Past
Water
Energy
Environment
Energy Efficiency in Existing
Buildings – Our Greatest Opportunity
for a Sustainable Future
Is There a Need?
• World energy consumption is projected to grow by 53% from
2010 to 2030 (U.S. Energy Information Agency)
• Oil is forecasted to remain dominant energy source with coal
forecasted as primary fuel for generating electricity
– Cost of oil in 1976 vs. now
• Energy use increasingly shifting away from developed
countries and becoming more carbon-intensive
– 120% Growth in CO2 Emissions in the next 20 years
• Environmental Impact of increasing Atmospheric CO2 Levels
– 180 ppm to 380 ppm to 580 ppm to ????
Buildings Represent
•
• 17% of fresh water consumption
• 25% of wood consumption
• 39% of CO2 emissions
• 30% of waste generation
• 40% of energy use
• 55% of natural gas use
• 72% of electrical energy use
Figure 1: Energy Consumption in the U.S.
6
Available Data Bases for
Commercial Buildings
Energy Information Agency
under US Department of Energy
Commercial Building Energy Consumption
Survey – CBECS
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs
Whole Building Design Guide
www.wbdg.org
Why Are We Here?
USA Energy
Production and Imports
1975
Oil
Gas
70%/30%
100%
2005
2030
30%/70%
???
70%/30%
???
Where will our Energy come from in the
next 20 years?
Atmospheric CO2 Levels
• Pre-industrial: 180 - 280 PPM
• 2007: 380 PPM
• 2050 Business as usual: 580 PPM
Can we afford
to take a
chance?
CO2 Emission Reduction
• USA Copenhagen Commitment
17% Reduction by 2020
• Previous Commitment
45% by 2030
80% by 2050
How do we achieve that without
significantly raising energy prices?
PER CAPITA ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
Worldwide Average 2000 Kwh/capita/year
India
450 Kwh/ca[pita/year
China
1800 Kwh/capita/year
Argentina/Brazil
2,200 Kwh/capita/year
Europe
6,000 Kwh/capita/year
Kuwait
13,600 Kwh/capita/year
USA
16,000 Kwh/capita/year
Energy Efficient Buildings
Key Factors for Success
• State Adoption of More Stringent Codes
• Raising Public Awareness
• Legislation and Incentive Action
•Technical Issues Design & Construction
• Procedural Issues – Commissioning
• Operation and Maintenance
• Measurement and Verification
• Occupant Behavior – Changing Mindsets
and Culture
SMART Grid, SMART Meters,
SMART Systems
Why Should We Care?
• Utility Deregulation – Utility Rate De-Coupling
• Demand Response and Control
• Real Time Pricing
• Thermal Storage (Bridge Cycles in Wind & Solar)
• Communication and Control Development
• ASHRAE Standard 135 BACNet
• ASHRAE Standard 201
SMART Grid Information
Net-Zero Energy Buildings
Buildings which, on
an annual basis, use
no more energy than
is provided by onsite renewable
energy sources.
How Do We Get There?
• Building Orientation
)
• Siting and Location
)
• Building Envelope Efficiency
)
• Material Use
)
• Fenestration
)
• Use of Day Lighting
)
• Advanced Lighting Design
)
• HVAC Systems
)
• Indoor Air Quality
)
• Water Conservation
)
And How Much
Will this Cost?
Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Buildings
Will this Just Lead to Higher First Cost?
In the Life Cycle of a Building :
Initial Construction Cost is only 2%
Operational and Energy Cost is only 6%
Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%
Energy Saving Incentive
Programs
Energy Policy Act - EPAC 2005
Energy Independence and Security Act - EISA
2007
American Clean Energy and Security Act
ACES 2009/10 still pending
Tax Incentive & Assistance Program - TIAP
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act –
ARRA
www.dsireusa.org
NZEB for Federal Facilities
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
(EISA) requires new federal buildings to reduce their fossil
fuel based energy use by 55% by 2010 and to zero by 2030.
EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 Existing Federal Buildings 30%
reduction in energy use by 2015
New Federal Building Targets
Year
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
EISA 433
Against 2003 CBECS
(EUI – 91.00 Kbtu/ft2.yr)
Reduction
EUI
55%
40.95
65%
31.85
80%
18.20
90%
9.10
100%
0.00
EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 Existing Federal Buildings
30% reduction in energy use by 2015
FEDERAL ENERGY LEGISLATION
HR 2454 AMERICAN CLEAN ENERGY AND SECURITY ACT – 2009
S.1462 Energy Bill & S.1733 CLIMATE CHANGE
30% Reduction in Energy by 2010 )
50% Reduction in Energy by 2016 )
75% Reduction in Energy by 2021 )
New
Residential & Commercial
Our Greatest Opportunities?
2% of Building Projects are New
Construction
86% of Construction Dollars go into
Existing Buildings
75% to 80% of All Buildings
That will Exist in 2030
Exist Today!
The Cost of Being Green
What is the cost of simply taking energy
out of buildings?
McKinsey - Energy Efficiency – Invest $170 Billion
per year in the USA
Offering 17% ROI Saving 9.3 Quads/yr (23%) by
2020
McKinsey Global Institute
• Building Star – Rebuilding America Program
Retrofit 50 Million Existing Residential and
Commercial Buildings by 2020
$500 billion cost over 10 years, $685 million in
energy Savings, 625,000 jobs created 20%
Reduction in Electrical Energy 15% Reduction
in Gas Energy
ASHRAE’s Path Forward
Tools We Can Bring to the Table
Standard 90.1
Standard 189.1
Standard 100
Advanced Energy Design Guides
Commissioning and Retro Commissioning
Operation and Maintenance Guidance
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
Purpose
“… Provide minimum
requirements for the energyefficient design of buildings
except low-rise residential
buildings”
Energy Codes Development
Standard 90.1
Year
Change
Rate per Year
Pre 1973
EUI
Btu/Sq.Ft.Yr
88,000
-
-
1975
65,000
27%
-
1989
55,900
14%
1%/yr
1999
53,300
4%
0.40%/yr
2004
43,250
19%
3.8%/yr
2010
30,600
30%
5.0%/yr
2016
21,625
30%
5.0%/yr
2020
17,300
20%
5.0%/yr
Excludes Plug and Process Loads
Current State Adoptions of Standard 90.1
Specific Energy Figures
CBECS Data for Commercial Buildings
1979 – 125,000 Btu/sq. ft./year (Approx)
1992 – 90,500 Btu/sq.ft/year
1999 – 85,100 Btu/sq.ft/year
2003 – 91,000 Btu/sq.ft/year
ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA
Standard 189.1 2009
Standard 189.1 Topic Areas
SS
Sustainable Sites
WE
Water Use Efficiency
EE
Energy Efficiency
IEQ
Indoor Environmental Quality
MR
Building’s Impact on the Atmosphere, Materials &
Resources
CO
Construction and Operations Plans & Commissioning
Standard 189.1 Building Blocks
Special Projects/Publications
• Advanced Energy Design
Guides – provide 30 percent
energy savings over
Standard 90.1
–
–
–
–
–
Small office buildings
Small retail buildings
Warehouses
Highway Lodgings
Kindergarten through grade
12 schools
– Health Care Facilities
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2011?
34
Identify Potential Energy Saving
Measures for Existing Buildings
Routine Maintenance and Repairs
Retro – Commissioning
Utility Tariffs/Negotiations
Tenant Fit Out and Improvements
Equipment Replacement
Major Renovations
Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures
for Existing Buildings
Building Envelope
Window Replacement
Solar Films
Caulking/Sealing
Enhanced Insulation
HVAC Systems
Higher Equip. Efficiencies
Heat Recovery
Displacement Ventilation
DOAS
GSHP
Lighting Systems
T5 Versus T8/T12 Lamps
Compact Fluorescent Bulbs
Electronic Ballasts
Day Lighting Controls
Motion Sensors
Controls/Other
Management Systems
Maintenance Systems
Monitoring/Auditing
Applied Photo Voltaics
Variable Speed Drives
Role of Commissioning
and Retro Commissioning
Why is Cx or RCx
so Critical?
• Buildings are very complex prototypical
machines
•Unique
•Built on-site
•Built by hand
•Thousands of independent components
Most buildings do not operate as intended
Measurement and Verification
• Information is Key to Success
• Metering and Sub Metering
• Graphical Displays
• Building Energy Labeling
ASHRAE Energy Labeling
Building eQ Program
Building Information Modeling
Energy Simulation and Modeling
4/13/2015
40
Building Information Modeling
4/13/2015
41
Building Information Modeling
System Simulation, Control and Monitoring
4/13/2015
42
What Can We Expect
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Highly Insulated Building Envelope
High Performance Fenestration
Optimized use of Day lighting
Low Density Ambient Lighting - Electronic Dimmable
High Efficiency Task Lighting – Occupancy Control
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems with Enthalpy
Recovery and Demand Control
Expanded use of Heat Pumps
Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems
High Performance Packaged DX Systems - VRF
On Going Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance
What Will It Take?
• More Uniformly Applied and Enforced Building
Codes
• Higher Energy Costs
• Peak Load Shaving and Demand Control
• Possible Carbon Tax
• Move beyond certificates of occupancy towards
actual regulation of Building Energy Use.
Increasingly the Issues will not be Technical
nor will they be Political or even Economic!
They will be Cultural
Occupant Behavior
Changing Mindsets and Culture
• Plug and Process Loads in Buildings
• Lighting
• Thermal Comfort
•
•
•
•
•
Raising Awareness
Energy Costs and Availability
Environmental Awareness
Legislation and Code change
Culture of Sustainability
Is That Enough?
Can we get there with our current Prescriptive
Codes and Standards Process ?
How do We Address Actual Versus Theoretical
Building Performance ?
Do we need to go Beyond Certificate of
Occupancy ?
Will Building Owners and Consumers Accept
Intrusion into their Daily Lives?
As Educators and Trainers
Understand the Issues
This is About More Than Just
Technology
•Raise Fundamental Understanding
•Teach Energy Auditing & Management
•Emphasize Operation and Maintenance
•Promote Continuous Commissioning
•Encourage Rebates and Incentives
The Dawning of a New Era
Education and Training
is essential for the next
generation
Sustaining Our Future By
Rebuilding Our Past
When we build let it not be for present
use alone. Let it be such work as our
descendants thank us”
John Ruskin 1875