ÇMB 542
Air Pollution Control
Technologies
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Pınar ERGENEKON
Lecture Notes
2010
Updated 09/2011
ÇMB542
• You will find the answers to the following
questions:
– What are the air pollution types and sources,
and major air pollutants
– What are the behavior of target particulate
and gaseous pollutants?
– What are the common air pollution control
technologies and their design criteria?
Course Structure
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Homeworks: %30
Exam: %20
Project: %20 Final Exam:%30
Super Pro Designer and Excell will be used for the HWs
Books:
1)Air Pollution Control by Cooper and Alley, Fourth Edition
2)Air Pollution, Its origin and Control, Wark, Warner and
Davis
3)Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Edited by Wayne T.
Davis
• Lecture notes at
http://www.gyte.edu.tr/environment/
Ders Web Sayfaları > ENVE542
Date
Scope
Week 1
Intro/An overview of air pollution history in the world and in Turkey
Week 2
Atmospheric Pollutants, Pollutants of Global Concern, Causes
Sources and Effects
Week 3
Selecting Appropriate Control Technologies (HW 1)
Week 4
Particulate Matter and Aerosol Physics
Week 5
Introduction to Superpro
Week 6
Particle Control Technologies (Cyclones, ESP)
Week 7
Particle Control Technologies (Fabric Filters, Particulate Scrubbers)
Week 8
A Particulate Control Problem
Week 9
Exam
Week 10
Properties of Gases and Vapors (HW 3)
Week 11
Gas and Vapor Control Technologies (VOC Incinerator, Gas
Adsorption, Gas Absorption, Biological Control Systems)
Week 12
Control of Sulfur Oxides
Week 13
Control of Nitrogen Oxides (HW 4)
Week 14
A Vapor Control Problem
Term Project
• Design an appropriate control system for particulate and gaseous
pollutants for the given exhaust stream (details will be given later)
by using SuperPro .
• Your report should include:
• Flowchart of proposed control system drawn by SuperPro (Please
write in detail how to do this in superPro)
• Assumptions made for the design except that given conditions
• The composition of each stream (Mass & Energy Balance Results)
SuperPro (Please write in detail how to do this in superPro)
• Equipment Sizing (Parameters of the designed equipment i.e.,
diameter, length, or area energy requirement, number)
• Encountered problems during using Superpro if there are any.
Design By Software
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EnviroPro – SuperPro Designer by Intelligent Inc.
http://www.intelligen.com/enviropro_overview.shtml
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EnviroPro Designer is an environmental process simulator designed to
enhance the productivity of engineers and scientists engaged in the design,
development, and assessment of integrated water purification, wastewater
treatment, and waste disposal processes.
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EnviroPro Designer is a valuable tool for environmental consulting engineers,
process designers, and treatment/disposal plant engineers and managers. It
enables the user to efficiently develop, assess, and optimize environmentally
beneficial technologies.
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It provides under a single umbrella modeling of end-of-pipe treatment
processes, project economic evaluation, and environmental impact
assessment.
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Its VOC emission models (accepted by EPA) can be used to calculate
emissions from treatment plants and track the fate of hazardous chemicals.
Design By Software
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Key Features of EnviroPro Designer:
Models for over 70 operations.
Material and energy balances.
Equipment sizing and costing.
Thorough process economics.
Rigorous VOC emission calculations from treatment plants.
Chemical component fate prediction.
Extensive chemical component and mixture database.
Extensive equipment and resource databases.
Waste stream characterization.
Environmental impact assessment.
Intuitive graphical user interface.
Advanced hypertext help facility.
OLE-2 support.
PFD customization through addition of your own graphics and text.
Compatibility with a variety of graphics, spreadsheet, and word processing
packages.
Option to export PFDs in DXF format (for incorporation into AutoCAD) and in
WMF format.
Unit Procedure Models in
EnviroPro Designer
Reaction
Aerobic BioOxidation
Plug Flow Aerobic
BioOxidation
…
Incineration
UV Radiation
CSTR
Batch Reaction
Plug Flow Reaction
Equilibrium Reaction
Solid/Gas Separation
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Baghouse Filter
Gas Cyclone
Solid/Liquid Separation
Decanter Centrifuge
Hydrocyclone
Clarifier
…
Plate & Frame Filter
Rotary Vacuum Filter
Granular Media Filter
Belt Filter
Phase Separation
Absorption
Stripping
Degasification
Activated Carbon
Adsorption
Ion Exchange
Decantation
Pressure Change
Pumps
Compressors
Fan/Blower
Drying
Sludge Dryer
General Unit Ops
Generic Boxes for
Reaction and Separation
…
Heater/Cooler
Heat Exchanger
Tanks
Various Storage Tanks
Various Blending Tanks
Equalization Tank
Junction Box
Books
Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolünün Esasları, Ayşen
Müezzinoğlu
Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Wiley, Edited
by Davis
Boubel, Fox, Turner and Stern (1994)
Fundemantals of Air Pollution, Academic
Press
Cooper and Alley (1994), Air Pollution Control:
A Design Approach, Waveland Press
Related Journals
• Atmospheric Environment
• Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) ,
(http://www.atmospolres.com)
• Journal of the Air and Waste Management
Association
• Environmental Science and Technology
• Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry
• Tellus B
• Journal of Geophysical Research, part D
A Brief History of Air Pollution
• Comparing the air of cities to the air of deserts and arid
lands is like comparing waters that are befouled and
turbid to waters that are fine and pure. In the city,
because of the height of its buildings, the narrowness of
its streets, and all that pours forth from its inhabitansts
and their superfluities… the air becomes stagnant, turbid
thick misty and foggy, If there is no other choice in this
matter for we have grown up in the cities and have
become accustomed to them you should select from the
cities one of open horizons endeavor at least to dwell at
the outskirts of the city
• Moses Maimonides (1135-1204)
1660, Londra, John Evelyn
1660, Londra, John Evelyn
Perception of Air Pollution
“A well-known European artist, who recently visited this
country, has been quoted as saying that American cities
would be more beautiful if there were more smoke to
tone down the sharp outlines of the buildings and give a
soft; pleasing gray. Evidently, says the American
Machinist, his observations were not made in Chicago or
Cincinnati or' Pittsburgh. Smoke may appeal to the ultraartistic, but when it has been estimated that the smoke
nuisance costs the American people nearly $50,000,000
every year, there seems to be another point from which
to look at it.”
• A M E R I C A MAY 31, 1913. VOL. IX, No. 8.
Air Pollution
• Burning coal even in the summer time as
solution to plague in 1665…
• Smoke and coal dusts were believed to be a
good disinfection means according to a study
made in 1914. People with tuberculosis used to
send to mine regions
• Smoke as the indicator of the economic wealth
(Clearing the air, Indur M. Goklany)
• Much of our economic distress is because
of the fact that there is not enough smoke in
Pittsburgh . . . The metropolis that earned
the sobriquet of the ”smoky city“ has not
been living up to those vaporous laurels.
(Will the Circle Be Unbroken: A History of the U.S. National Ambient Air
Quality Standards, John Bachmann)
Air Pollution History in Turkey
• 1962’de AP milletvekili C. Ertuğ tarafından
hazırlanan kanun teklifinde toz ve gazların
bronşit, göz hastalıkları ve kansere neden
olmaları nedeniyle kontrolü isteniyor. Önerilen
maddeler kömürlü lokomotiflerin, büyük kamyon
ve otobüslerin şehrin içinden geçmemesi, sanayi
kuruluşlarının yerlerinin meteoroloji uzmanlarının
da olduğu bir fenni heyet tarafından
belirlenmesi, tesislerin (ocak, kazan, baca
olanların) inşaatından önce ve sonra kontrolünü
kapsıyor.
• 29:12.1962, Milliyet
Ankara
• 1969’da Makine Mühendisleri Odasının “Pis
Havalı İller içinde Ankara 3.” başlığı ile çıkan
haberde odanın çözüm önerilerinden bazıları:
– Hava kalitesi ile mücadele kanunu
– Elektrikle teshin, merkezi teshin
– Tepelere büyük vantilatör kurmak ve çanak içine
geniş dikey borular dikerek havaya hareket vermek
– Ağaçlandırma ile cereyan sağlamak, trafiği
hızlandırmak, soba cinslerini ıslah etmek
– İyi kalite dumansız yakıt kullanmak…
(Yumuturuğ, Prof. Dr. Sevim, Ankara Hava
kirliliğinin 1968 senesindeki durumu )
Refik Erduran Milliyet Düpedüz
Köşe Yazısı, 15.12.1970
Geçen gün Los Angeles’li bir mühendisle bu hava kirlenmesi konusunu görüşürken başkentimiz Ankara’nın dünyadaki
en pis havalı şehirlerden biri olduğunu söyledim.
..
Üzülmeyin dedi, havayı temizlemenin bir yolunu bulduk galiba. Ve anlattı:
Los Angeles bu çeşit kirlilikte dünya şampiyonuymuş. Tepelerle çevrili kase biçiminde bir büyük çukurlukta
bulunduğu ve yeryüzünün en otomobili bol bölgesinin merkezi olduğu için zehirli duman birikimi burada sık sık
ciddi tehlike yaratıyormuş. Şimdiye kadar bu dersin çözümlenmesi yönünde devamlı araştırma yapılmış çeşitli
teklifler iler sürülmüş. Zehirli dumanların dev vantilatörlerle üfürülmesi bile düşünülmüş. Hiçbirini uygulama imkanı
yokmuş pratikte. (Üfürülen dumanlar rüzgar cilveleriyle dönüp tekrar şehrin üstüne çöreklenebiliyormuş. Gereken
binlerce dev vantilatör ise hem paraca yıkımmış hem de harcayacakları elektrik için kurulacak dev santrallerin
kullanacağı yakıt havayı büsbütün kirletirmiş. Şimdi bambaşka bir şey akıl etmişler:
Banyoyu dolduran kirli suyun dipteki deliğin açılması ile akıp gidişi gibi şehir çukurluğundaki kirli havanın sokak
mazgallarının içine emilerek kanalizasyon kanallarından bir büyük süzgeç merkezine toplanması, orada
temizlendikten sonra tekrar yeryüzüne püskürtülmesi . Bunun için bazı mazgalların altlarına küçücük hava
tulumbaları yerleştirilmesi yetiyor hem dünya atmosferinin kirletilmesi de böylece büsbütün önleniyormuş.
Siz de aynı şeyi Ankara’da yapmayı düşünemez misiniz diye sordu
Düşünemeyiz dedim
Neden pek bir para istemiyor
Paradan değil biz zaten hovarda milletizdir, masraftan çekinmeyiz…
Öyleyse Ankara’da dediğim sistemi niçin kuramayasınız?
Bunun için mazgalları kanalizasyon bağlamak gerek değil mi
Evet
Ankara kanalizasyon yok ki
Havayı tehlikeli derece kirletecek kadar gelişmiş ülkesiniz ama başkentinizde kanalizasyon yok
Öyle
….
Air Pollution Episodes
Location
Date
Pollutants
Symptoms
and Effects
Meuse Valley,
Belgium
1-5 Dec, 1930
SO2 (9.6-38.4
ppm)
63 Excess
Death, chess pain,
cough, eye and
respiration problems,
effective for all ages
Poza Rica,
Mexico
26-31 Oct,
1948
H2S
22 excess death,
320 hospitalized
Londra
5-9 Dec, 1952
SO2,
particulates
4000 excess
death
Newyork
24-30 Nov,
1966
SO2,
particulates
168 excess
death
Concentrations of Trace Compounds in Ambient Atmosphere
Species
Clean Region (ppb)
Polluted Region (ppb)
SO2
1-10
20-200
CO
120
1000-10000
NO
0.01-0.05
50-750
NO2
0.1-0.5
50-250
O3
20-80
100-500
HNO3
0.02-0.3
3-50
NH3
1
10-25
HCHO (Formaldehit)
0.4
20-50
HCOOH (Formic acid)
1-10
HNO2 (Nitrous acid)
0.001
1-8
CH3C(O)O2NO2
(Peroksiacetilnitrat,
PAN)
<0.1
5-35
NMHC (Non Methane
Hydro Carbons)
<0.65
500-1200
Fine Particles PM2
<10 mg/m3
<20-100 mg/m3