OCCURRENCE OF PCBs IN THE CZECH
REPUBLIC.
BIODEGRADATION OF BIPHENYL AS A
MODEL STUDY FOR BIODEGRADATION
OF ITS CHLORINATED DERIVATIVES.
Jan Tříska
Global Change Research Centre
AS CR
České Budějovice
PRODUCTION OF PCBs
AROCLOR (MONSANTO,
USA, UK)
CLOPHEN (BAYER, FRG)
PYRALEN, PHENOCLOR
(PRODELAC, FRANCE)
FLIX (SPAIN)
SOVOL, SOVTOL (USSR)
FENCLOR (ITALY)
KANECLOR (JAPAN)
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
DELOR 103 (AROCLOR 1242)
DELOR 104 (AROCLOR 1248)
DELOR 105 (AROCLOR 1254)
DELOR 106 (AROCLOR 1260)
HYDELOR
DELOTHERM
PRODUCTION OF PCBs
DISTRIBUTION OF PCBs
CAPACITORS
36%
PLASTICIZERS
27%
TRANSFORMERS
19%
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 10%
HEAT CARRIERS
6%
DIFFERENT USAGE
2%
(paint additives, additives for pesticides, polishing waxes,
carbon copy papers, printing inks and pastes, roofing felts,
motor oils etc.)
PRODUCTION IN THE CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CHEMKO STRÁŽSKE ( ca. 20 000 t)
MAIN CUSTOMERS
BARVY A LAKY PRAHA (PAINTS)
VŘESOVÁ (MINING INDUSTRY)
ČKD PRAHA (TRANSFORMERS)
PETROCHEMA DUBOVÁ (HYDRAULIC FLUIDS)
ZEZ ŽAMBERK (CAPACITORS)
CHZJD BRATISLAVA (PESTICIDES)
ROAD BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION FIRMS
*
ESTIMATED LOSS ca. 4 000 t (20%)
!!! 30 mg/m2 !!!
THE SAMPLING SITES AND SUMMARY OF RESULTS
THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THE
LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF POPs
IN MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEM
Holoubek I., Čáslavský J., Vančura R., Kočan A., Chovancová J.,
Petrík J., Drobná B., Cudlín P., Tříska J.: Project Tocoen: The fate
of selected organic pollutants in the environment. Part XXIV. The
contents of PCBs and PCDDs/Fs in high-mountain soils, Toxicol.
Environ. Chem. 45, 189-197 (1994)
Blais J.M., Schindler D.W., Muir D.C.G., Kimpe L.E., Donald D.B.,
Rosenberg B.: Accumulation of persistent organic compounds in
mountains of western Canada, Nature 395, 585-588 (1998)
STARTING POINTS OF THE PROJECT
• ca. 72% of the forests in the CR are damaged
• chemical factors could play an important role (long-range
transport of POPs)
• spruce forests cover ca. 75% of the total surface of the CR
• impact of pollution to the spruce forest is higher
(leaf surface index and wax)
• ILE AS CR has permanent research plots in the
high mountain around the whole CR
BASIC DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH
PLOTS
3
4
5 6
7
2
8
1
THE MAIN GOALS OF THE PROJECT
• DETERMINATION OF THE PATTERN OF
OCCURRENCE AND THE UPTAKE WAYS
OF POPs PHYTOTOXICALLY IMPORTANT
FOR MONTANE SPRUCE POPULATION
• DETERMINATION OF IMPORTANT POPs
IN THE NEEDLES AND HUMUS LAYER
• BIODEGRADATION OF LOW
CHLORINATED PCBs BY BACTERIA
AND/OR PLANTS
4
2
1
5
8
2
4
5
8
1
4
2
5
8
1
The contribution of PCBs and PCDDs/Fs to total TEQ
Contents of Cl-PEST and PCBs in the soil
BIODEGRADATION OF PCBs
• AEROBICALLY AS A GROWTH
SUBSTRATE (bacterial, less chlorinated faster)
• AEROBICALLY BY COMETABOLISM
(bacteria or white-rot fungi „Phanerochaete
chrysosporium“)
• ANAEROBICALLY BY REDUCTIVE
DEHALOGENATION (unknown mechanism)
MAJOR METABOLIC SEQUENCE OF PCBs DEGRADATION
BY AEROBIC MICROORGANISMS
( A)
OH
H
H
OH
OH
OH
O
(B)
OH ( C )
COOH
COOH
( D)
Clx
Clx
Clx
Clx
Clx
UNUSUAL BIODEGRADATION
PRODUCTS
D.AHMAD, M.SYLVESTRE, M.SONDOSSI, R.MASSÉ:
Journal of General Microbiology (1991), 137, 1375-1385
UNUSUAL BIODEGRADATION
PRODUCTS
G.KÖLLER, M.MÖDER, K.CZIHAL:
Chemosphere (2000), 41, 1827-1834
UNUSUAL BIODEGRADATION
PRODUCTS
G.KUNCOVÁ, J.TŘÍSKA, N.VRCHOTOVÁ, O.PODRAZKÝ:
Materials Science and Engineering C 21 (2002), 195-201
cooler
temperature
control bath
water out
mineral medium
porous glass Siran with
immobilized cells
water in
(25°C)
fritted glass
air supply
MONITORING OF THE ORANGE COLOUR
DEVELOPMENT
3.5
Absorbance (AU)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
200
250
300
350
400
450
500 Wav elength (nm)
Solanum nigrum
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH
Cl
HO
Cl
Cl
OH
Cl
+
Cl
+
HO
OH