CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
TRAINING
Presented by:
UM-Flint Environment,Health and Safety
Department
University of Michigan - Flint
1
Training Outline


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What is a confined space? General overview
of UM-Flint’s CSE program
Evaluation/Control of Atmospheric Hazards
Elimination/Control of Other Hazards
Entry Procedures
» (General, Hazardous & Hot Work entry permits)
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Evacuation & Rescue
Discussion of CS Scenarios & related equip.
Working w/ Contractors
Video “Life & Death Series CSE”
University of Michigan - Flint
2
Training Goal

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Refresh and update employees knowledge of
CSE procedures
Discuss roles/responsibilities
Familiarize new employees with the UMF
confined spaces, associated hazards and
entry procedures.
Provide employees with guidelines to:
» Identify confined spaces
» Evaluate confined spaces
» Enter confined spaces in accordance with MIOSHA
regulations and UM guidelines.

Discuss concerns or non-routine entries.
University of Michigan - Flint
3
Confined Space Entry Program
Prevent Unauthorized Entry
 Identify Permit Space Hazards
 Develop & Follow Safe Entry Procedures
(use entry permit as guide)
 Conclude Entry (close out permit)
 Coordinate Entry Operations between
University departments as well as with
non-University agencies i.e. FFD, MPC
 Program Evaluation & Review/Revise

University of Michigan - Flint
4
Section 1:
What is a Confined Space?

A space that meets ALL THREE of the
following criteria:
1.
2.
3.

Has limited means of entry or exit.
Is large enough for a person to enter and
perform work.
Is not designed for continuous human
occupancy.
Employer must evaluate a space based on
the Definition…. NOT on whether or not
you may enter the space (per MIOSHA)
University of Michigan - Flint
5
Types of Confined Spaces
Non-permit required
 Permit required

» General permit … c(5) or c(7) entry
» Hazardous permit
» Hot Work
University of Michigan - Flint
6
Non-Permit Required
Meets confined space definition, and
 Has adequate ventilation, and
 Does not contain any hazards that can
cause death or harm, and
 There is absolutely no potential for a
hazardous atmosphere.

University of Michigan - Flint
7
Permit Required

Meets confined space definition and
» limited means of entry or exit.
» large enough for a person to enter and work.
» Is not designed for continuous occupancy.


Has inadequate ventilation, or
Has a hazardous health or safety condition, or
» (i.e. engulfment; internal configuration that could
trap/asphyxiate; converging wall, sloped/taper floor;
entrapment; exposed electrical/mechanical parts, etc.)

Has a known or potential hazardous atmosphere.
University of Michigan - Flint
8
Confined Space Evaluation
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Is it a confined space?
Is it a permit required confined space?
What hazards are present? Source?
Can hazards be eliminated? Controlled?
What type of permit is required?
What procedures/equipment will be used to
protect the entrants?
Use UM-f Space Evaluation form…
University of Michigan - Flint
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UM Evaluation Form
CONFINED SPACE EVALUATION FORM
SPACE LOCATION: ___________________________________________________________
SPACE DESCRIPTION: ________________________________________________________
Complete this form for any space which may be considered a confined space.
A confined space is defined as having those characteristics listed in #1 through #3 below.
YES
NO
1.
Is the space large enough and shaped so employee can enter and work?
YES
NO
2.
Does the space have a limited or restricted means for entry or exit?
YES
NO
3.
Is the space is NOT designed for continuous employee occupancy?
If questions #1 through #3 above are "YES", then the space is a confined space.
Continue to questions A through E below to determine if and what type of permit is required to enter.
YES
NO
A.
Does the space contain, or have a known potential to contain, a hazardous atmosphere
(for example, flammable vapors, toxic gases or dusts, etc.), or pipes, ducts, vents or other
entry points for potentially hazardous substances, or will volatile chemicals be used, or will
painting or other work that could create a breathing hazard be done?
Specify potential or known hazards: ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
YES
NO
B.
Does the space contain a material with the potential for engulfment of a worker (for
example, grain, sand or water)?
Specify potential or known hazards: ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
YES
NO
C.
Does the space have an internal shape such that a worker could be trapped or suffocated
by inwardly converging walls, floor or ceiling?
Specify potential or known hazards: ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
YES
NO
D.
Does the space contain other recognized safety or health hazards, such as: (check all that apply)
___
mechanical hazards;
___
exposed or vulnerable electrical wires or energized equipment;
___
restrictive entrance or exit for entrants with their work equipment;
___
special hazards related to elevation or falling; or
___
possible impediments to rescue efforts?
Specify potential or known hazards: ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
YES
NO
E.
Will welding, cutting, torch work, or other hot work be done?
Specify potential or known hazards: ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
If you answered NO to all questions A through E, then the space is a Non-Permit Require Confined Space.
If you answered Yes to question A, then a Hazardous Entry Permit with on-site rescue is required.*
If you answered Yes to question B, then a General Entry Permit with retrieval system is required.
If you answered Yes to question C or D, then a General Entry Permit is required.
If you answered Yes to question E, then a Hot Work Entry Permit is required.
*A General Entry Permit with off-site rescue may be used, if the space is continuously ventilated and monitored.
Name: ___________________________ Signature: __________________________________
Department: __________________________________________________________________
Please return this form to OSEH, CSSB, 1239 Kipke, Box 1010. Refer questions to OSEH at 747-1142.
cseval2.doc
University of Michigan - Flint
4/10/96
10
Types of Permits
General Entry Permit
 Hazardous Entry Permit
 Hot Work Entry Permit

University of Michigan - Flint
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Confined Space Entry Permit
University of Michigan - Flint
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Confined Space?
University of Michigan - Flint
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Confined Space?
University of Michigan - Flint
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Confined Space?
University of Michigan - Flint
15
What Type of Permit?
University of Michigan - Flint
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Confined Space?
University of Michigan - Flint
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Campus Utility Tunnels

UMF utility tunnels are not considered
confined spaces because:
» Ventilated and lighted
» Designed for human occupancy
» Not generally hazardous

However, caution must be taken when
performing work in tunnels
» Buddy system, radio communications/notifications,
other regulations do apply… could be upgraded.

AA-OSEH is developing a new Tunnel Safety
Program… many of AA’s tunnels are CS.
University of Michigan - Flint
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Section 2:
Atmospheric Hazards
How Chemicals Enter Body
 Acute and Chronic Effects
 Exposure Limits
 Identifying Atmospheric Hazards
 UEL/LEL
 Vapor Density

University of Michigan - Flint
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Routes of Entry
Skin Absorption
 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Injection

University of Michigan - Flint
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Health Effects

Acute
» immediate or short term effect

Chronic
» delayed or long term effect
University of Michigan - Flint
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Warning Signs
Dizziness/Disorientation
 Weakness in knees/abnormal breathing
 Blurred vision/profuse sweating
 Chest pains/headaches
 Loss of coordination/ringing in ears
 Skin irritation/irregular heartbeat
 Lethargy or excitedness

University of Michigan - Flint
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What is an Atmospheric Hazard?
Oxygen >23.5% or <19.5%
 Flammables at >10% LEL
 Above OSHA/MIOSHA PEL
 IDLH
 Combustible Dusts
 Unknown chemical spill

University of Michigan - Flint
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Sources of Hazardous
Atmospheres
Spaces with known hazardous
chemicals/substances
 Spaces that lack ventilation
 Spaces that have the potential to
transfer a hazardous atmosphere
 Spaces with a work induced hazardous
atmosphere

University of Michigan - Flint
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Permissible Exposure Limits
OSHA
 8 Hour TWA
 STEL
 Ceiling Limit
 Contact EHS for monitoring of
contaminants not monitored for by
standard meters

University of Michigan - Flint
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Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
<19.5%
 Sources: work induced, rusting, gases
that displace oxygen
 Simple Asphyxiants: Displace oxygen
(carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon)
 Chemical Asphyxiant: Prevent body from
using oxygen (carbon monoxide)

University of Michigan - Flint
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Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere
23.0% or Greater
 Sources: Welding, or oxygen gas lines
 Increase fire and explosion hazard
 Never use oxygen to ventilate space

University of Michigan - Flint
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Vapors and Gases
Vapor: Gaseous state of material
normally found as liquid or solid at
normal temperature and pressure
 Gas: Material that is found as a formless
fluid at normal temperature and
pressure

University of Michigan - Flint
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LEL/LFL and UEL/UFL
LEL: Lowest concentration can ignite
 UEL: Highest Concentration can ignite
 Example: Gasoline LEL 1%, UEL 8%
 In between is explosive
 Consideration: Atmosphere above the
UEL, when ventilated may create an
explosive atmosphere

University of Michigan - Flint
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LEL Safety Factor
OSHA: 10% of LEL or Greater
 Example: LEL for Methane is 5%
 Meter alarm at 10% of 5% (i.e., 0.5%)
 If exceeded (meter alarms), leave the
space and Contact supervisor and EHS.

University of Michigan - Flint
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Combustible Dusts
Metal Powders - Aluminum, Magnesium,
Zinc
 Wood Products - Dust, Paper
 Rubber/Plastic/Spices/Food Products
 Rule of Thumb - Obscure Vision 5 Feet
or Less –high potential for combustion
given the right conditions.

University of Michigan - Flint
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Toxic or Poisonous Atmospheres

Most Common:
» Carbon Monoxide (CO)
» Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
» Methane (CH4)
» Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
University of Michigan - Flint
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Colorless, odorless & tasteless
 Product incomplete combustion
 Causes chemical asphyxiation
 Slightly lighter than air
 MIOSHA PEL 35 PPM, OSHA PEL 50
PPM

University of Michigan - Flint
33
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Rotten egg odor
 Petroleum/Organic matter decay
 Found in sewers or petroleum holding
tanks
 <10 PPM

University of Michigan - Flint
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Methane (CH4)
Colorless, odorless & flammable
 Petroleum/Organic matter decay
 Lighter than air
 Meter alarms – 10% of LEL

University of Michigan - Flint
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Colorless, odorless & tasteless
 Byproduct of respiration and complete
combustion
 Heavier than air

University of Michigan - Flint
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Other Atmospheric Hazards
Materials in the space
 Work induced hazards (e.g., welding,
painting, solvents)
 Review history of space
 Contact EHS if other contaminants are
suspected

University of Michigan - Flint
37
Vapor Density
Heavier than Air: Sinks
 Lighter than Air: Rises
 Air Vapor density = 1
 <1 Lighter, >1 Heavier
 Most contaminants are heavier than air
 The few that are lighter, are usually
flammable and very toxic

University of Michigan - Flint
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Section 3: Evaluation &
Control of Atmospheric Hazards
Air Monitoring Equipment and
Procedures
 Ventilating, Flushing or Purging
 PPE – only after engineer controls

University of Michigan - Flint
39
Air Monitoring
Contaminants may not be detected by
sight or smell
 Two Types of Direct Reading:

» Electronic – Bacharach 4-gas monitor
» Detector Tubes – Drager pump

Always monitor for oxygen, LEL and
expected toxics (CO, H2S)
University of Michigan - Flint
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BACHARACH Sentinel 44
UM-F’s Four Gas Monitor - Sentinel 44
 % Oxygen, % LEL, Carbon Monoxide
(PPM), H2S (PPM)
 Alarms:

» O2 - <19.5% or > 23.0%,
» LEL - > 10%,
» CO - >35 ppm
» H2S - >10 ppm
University of Michigan - Flint
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Air Monitoring Precautions
Alarm Goes Off – leave the space,
contact EHS and supervisor
 Other contaminants known or
suspected, contact EHS for monitoring
assistance

University of Michigan - Flint
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Air Monitoring Procedure
Ensure monitor has been calibrated
 Turn monitor on and let warm up
 Verify monitor is functioning properly
 Zero sensors in clean ambient airoutside the CS
 Keep sensor heads exposed
 Test space before opening the hatch
 Monitor for oxygen first…

University of Michigan - Flint
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Air Monitoring - Testing Order
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Air Monitoring (continued)
Monitor every four feet
 Monitor vertically & horizontally
 Record results on permit
 Before work, periodically during work,
and after breaks
 Continuously monitor – confidence tone
or ”beep”

University of Michigan - Flint
45
Air Monitoring Limitations
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Sensors must be calibrated and replaced
periodically – Contact EHS
LEL sensor needs oxygen to work
LEL sensor is calibrated for one gas -Methane
Sensors can take up to 2 minutes to
accurately display concentrations
Some gases and RF emissions interfere with
sensor accuracy
University of Michigan - Flint
46
Flushing/Purging of Space
Lock Out/Tag Out Feeds
 Can use air, steam, water, etc.
 Removes chemical or decomposition
hazards
 Drain or pump out
 Ventilate with fresh air when complete

University of Michigan - Flint
47
Ventilation
Natural
 Mechanical (General or Local)

» portable/intrinsically safe

Air monitoring determines adequate
ventilation
University of Michigan - Flint
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General Ventilating Technique
Perform air monitoring
 Extend duct into space
 Open all access points
 Keep duct as short/straight as possible
 Ensure intake is at clean air source
 Ventilate 15 minutes prior to entry
 Continue air monitoring

University of Michigan - Flint
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Local Exhaust Ventilation
Work induced contaminants
 Space has acceptable atmosphere prior
to work
 Place duct opening at point of
generation (air is pulled out of space)

University of Michigan - Flint
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Ventilating Safety Measures
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Ventilate with fresh air
Never use pure oxygen
Use explosion proof equipment if needed
Make sure exhaust air is not re-entrained
Make sure supply air is reaching all areas
of the space
Use air monitoring to determine adequate
ventilation
Don't block exit with equipment
University of Michigan - Flint
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Section 4: Recognition &
Control of Other Hazards
Engulfment, Entrapment,
Configuration
 Other Hazards and their Control

University of Michigan - Flint
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Engulfment
Liquid or Solid
 Suffocation or Drowning
CONTROL
 Elimination or Isolation of hazard
 On-site remote retrieval rescue
equipment such as the Miller tripod w/
harness and or wristlet/anklets)

University of Michigan - Flint
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Engulfment Hazard!
University of Michigan - Flint
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Entrapment/Configuration
Inwardly converging walls
 Floor which slopes downward and
tapers to a small cross section
 Obstacles, blockages or small internal
openings
CONTROL
 On-site remote retrieval rescue
equipment such as the Miller tripod w/
harness and or wristlet/anklets)

University of Michigan - Flint
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Entrapment/Configuration Hazard
University of Michigan - Flint
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Electrical & Mechanical
Hazards
Use Lock-out/Tag-out Procedures prior
to entry
 Isolate moving parts
 Assure equipment grounding / GFCI’s

University of Michigan - Flint
57
Chemical Hazards
Toxics, Flammables, Irritants,
Sensitizers, etc.
CONTROL:
 Read MSDSs
 Understand Physical/Health hazards
 Remove/ Isolate the source, ventilation
 Wear appropriate PPE

University of Michigan - Flint
58
PPE
Gloves
 Glasses/goggles/face shields
 Coveralls or Tyvek suits
 Safety Shoes
 Hard hats
 Respirators

University of Michigan - Flint
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Gloves
Select based on hazard
 Latex - general protection
 Nitrile/neoprene - chemical resistant
 Kevlar - cut/puncture resistant

University of Michigan - Flint
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Respirators
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Air Purifying Half or full mask.
Filters and cartridges are for specific
atmospheric hazards.
Not for IDLH or oxygen deficient
atmospheres.
SCBA for IDLH conditions and not permitted
for UMF employees’
» Escape packs not used for re-entry

Respiratory Protection Program & Medical
Monitoring is required.
University of Michigan - Flint
61
Heat Stress & Cold Stress
HEAT
 Dehydration
 Heat Rash
 Heat Fatigue
 Heat Cramps
 Heat
Exhaustion
 Heat Stroke
University of Michigan - Flint
COLD

Frost Bite

Hypothermia
CONTROLS:
 Mechanical Ventilation
 Fans, Heaters, Air
Conditioners
62
Noise
AL: 85 dBA
 PEL: 90 dBA
 Communication is difficult
CONTROLS:
 Remove or isolate the source
 Wear Hearing Protection
 Other means of communication

University of Michigan - Flint
63
Slips, Trips & Falls
Good housekeeping practices
 Fall Protection
 Tie off ladders
 Hard hats & slip resistant soles
 Lower/raise equipment by rope. Don't
carry on ladders
 Barriers around openings

University of Michigan - Flint
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Power Tools and Lighting
Tools are grounded & insulated
 Insulating blankets when arc welding on
metal
 Equipment grounding/GFCI’s
 Provide adequate lighting. Grounding &
spark hazards of portable lighting
 Tools & lighting should be explosion
proof when necessary

University of Michigan - Flint
65
Section 5: Entry Procedures
Employee roles
 Proper procedures for general, hot work
& hazardous entry permits

University of Michigan - Flint
66
Employee Roles




Attendant (spotter)
Authorized Employee (entrant)
Entry Supervisor
Rescue Personnel
» DPS & Flint Fire, or
» Contract CSE Rescue team i.e. MPC
» IDLH conditions require On site rescue team

EHS – On-site for Hazardous entry
University of Michigan - Flint
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Entry Procedures

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Evaluate the space/ Identify hazards
Pre-entry briefing
Inform DPS
Isolate/control hazards
Perform air monitoring
Complete, sign and post permit
Monitor entrants
Exit space and close out permit
Debriefing
Return completed/closed permit to EHS
University of Michigan - Flint
68
Pre-Entry Briefing
Use the Evaluation Form and Permit to
walk through the evaluation process
 Discuss with supervisor to consider
previous entries and history of the space
 Review of conditions, controls,
procedures & contingencies
 Determine whether or not on-site rescue
team is required… contact EHS.

University of Michigan - Flint
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Pre-Entry Checklist
(just before entry)

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
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

Inform DPS & EHS
Atmospheric monitoring
Inspect and test equipment prior to use
Communication procedures
Rescue/emergency procedures
Review space use history
Verify training
Supervisor verify safe entry conditions, etc.
Sign & post permit
University of Michigan - Flint
70
Non-Permit Required
Confined Space
Meets definition of confined space, but
no health or safety hazard
 Two employees (buddy system)
 Means of communication
 Can be re-classified to a permit required
space for work induced hazards… i.e.
use of chemicals/solvents, welding, etc.
 Examples: ceiling spaces,

University of Michigan - Flint
71
General Permit Required
Confined Space
Meets definition of a confined space
and has a potential or known health or
safety hazard
 Atmospheric hazard eliminated by
ventilation
 Two Authorized Employees (One
Designated as Entry Supervisor)

University of Michigan - Flint
72
General Entry Permits
Pre-entry Briefing
 Communication
 Continuous Air Monitoring/Ventilation
 Trained (Authorized) Employees
 Elimination of hazards
 PPE
 Off-site Rescue

University of Michigan - Flint
73
Hot Work Entry Permit
Welding, burning, cutting or torch work
 Provisions same as in general permit
 If contaminants cannot be controlled by
ventilation & air monitoring: Retrieval
System and On-site Rescue must be
used

University of Michigan - Flint
74
Hazardous Entry Permit
Cannot eliminate atmospheric hazard
 Provisions of General Permit Plus:

» EHS Representative On Site,
» On-site Rescue and Retrieval System
Mandatory
University of Michigan - Flint
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Section 6: Evacuation & Rescue
When to Evacuate the Space
 Rescue Procedures

University of Michigan - Flint
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When should the Confined
Space be evacuated?

Hazardous atmosphere
» Alarm on monitor
» Overexposure symptoms of entrants
Unanticipated health or safety hazard
 Damage to PPE or failure of controls
 Attendant cannot perform duties
 Permit expires

University of Michigan - Flint
77
Rescue
If Entrant Becomes Incapacitated
 Three Types:

» Remote (retrieval system)
» Off-site (Contact DPS 911 & FFD)
» On-site (MPC/ Contract on-site rescue team
& DPS)

Under No Circumstances is
Attendant/Spotter to enter the space
University of Michigan - Flint
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Spotter, Retrieval System, &
On-site Rescue Team (MPC)
First call DPS on the radio.
 If injured due to causes not related to
environment/atmosphere-Wait for Fire
Dept.
 If injured due to environment or
atmosphere, then use remote/on-site
rescue, if possible.

University of Michigan - Flint
79
Spotter, Retrieval System &
Off-Site Rescue Personnel
Contact DPS on radio
 If injury due to causes not related to the
environment/atmosphere-Wait for Fire
Dept.
 If injured due to environment or
atmosphere - use retrieval equipment
 If retrieval fails - Wait for Fire Dept.
 If unsure - Wait for Fire Dept.

University of Michigan - Flint
80
Spotter & Off-Site Rescue
Contact DPS on by radio
 Wait for Fire Dept.

University of Michigan - Flint
81
Section 7: Miscellaneous
Contractors
 UMF Confined Space related
documents
 Future drills and exercises

University of Michigan - Flint
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Outside Contractors





Inform the contractor of confined spaces
Identify spaces they may be entering, and
respective hazards
Must have own Confined Space Entry
Program and employee training current.
Coordinate with other workers. Each group
entering space issues a separate permit.
Work activities cannot conflict.
EHS is available to review contractor’s
program.
University of Michigan - Flint
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Review UMF CSE Documents
Evaluation form
 Entry Permit
 Contractor Notification
 Revised List of UMF Confined Spaces
 UMF/UMAA Confined Space program
 MI Part 90 Confined Space Entry
Regulations

University of Michigan - Flint
84