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Sponsored by
An OGC Framework for Smart Cities:
Urban Planning
93rd OGC Technical Committee
Tokyo, Japan
George Percivall, OGC
3 December 2014
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
An OGC Framework for Smart Cities:
Urban Planning
• “OGC Smart Cities Spatial Information Framework”
OGC Document 14-115, draft OGC White Paper
• Built from these activities:
– “Making Location Work for Smart Cities – the Case for Location
Standards,” OGC - Directions Magazine webinar
– Discussions and Presentations to DWGs in Calgary TC
– Survey of Smart City Standards Activities:
• JTC 1, ITU, ISO, BSI, DIN, others
– Survey of CityGML implementations
• Objective: mature the White Paper into a Best Practice
based on DWG discussions and implementation
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Open Standards Coordination for Smart Cities
•
•
•
•
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SG 1 Smart Cities
ISO TMB Task Force on Smart Cities
ITU Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities
ISO ISO/TC 268 - Sustainable development and resilience
of communities
• British Standards Institute,
• DKE/DIN German standards
• Others: IEC, ANSI, CEN/CENELEC, ETSI, etc.
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
Smart Cities Spatial Information Framework
White Paper Themes
• Smart Cities are high-density generators of innovation and
information.
• Location information is a major enabler of Smart City
technology benefits.
• Benefits of smart technology must be judged by benefits to
residents
• Reuse and repurpose is vital to urban resilience
• Open standards are needed for interoperability, efficiency,
application innovation and cost effectiveness.
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Smart Cities Spatial Information Viewpoints
• ISO/IEC 10746, Information Technology — Open Distributed
Processing — Reference Model (RM-ODP)
– Enterprise Viewpoint: definition of Smart City, Indicators for assessing the
value of deploying the technology, and enterprise components for the
information system of a Smart City
– Information Viewpoint, spatial information and data needed in Smart City
– Services Viewpoint interfaces and workflows pertinent to a achieve
interoperability using a service oriented architecture for a Smart City
– Deployment Viewpoint, identifying approaches for deploying the Spatial
Information Framework in cities.
• An Annex provides a summary of standardization activities regarding
Smart Cities.
– The architecture in the main body of the white paper aims to build on and contribute
back to the activities of the SDOs.
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Smart Cities Spatial Information Themes
• Smart Cities are high-density generators of innovation and information
• Location information is a major enabler of Smart City technology
benefits.
• Benefits of smart technology must be judged by benefits to residents
• Reuse and repurpose is vital to urban resilience
• Open standards
are needed
for interoperability,
Emergence
of the Internet
of Thingsefficiency, application
innovation and cost effectiveness.
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OGC
Gr aphic fr om Dr . St ev e Liang
®
(Graphic from Steve
Associat e Pr of essor / AI TF-M icr osof t I ndust r y Chair
OGC Sensor Things SWG Chair
Liang, University of Calgary)
What’s so smart about Smart Cities?
• A Smart City provides effective integration of physical,
digital and human systems in the built environment to
deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its
citizens.
– Source: BSI PAS 180 - Smart Cities Vocabulary
• How are “smarts” applied in cities
– To improve emergency response and resource management.
• Centralized command and control system
– To enhance citizen access to the city information to inform individual
and collective decision making
• Autonomous actors in an ecosystem
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Smart City Information Enterprise
The Death and Life of Great Smart Cities
• “Cities have the capability of providing something for
everybody, only because, and only when, they are created
by everybody.”
– The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs
• “Go out there and see what works and what doesn’t work,
and learn from reality. See how people actually use
spaces, learn from that, and use it.”
– Physical architect Jan Gehl recalling Jane Jacobs
• Smart city information development based on Jacobs
– Open Information
– Iterative Development
– Indicators of what’s important
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Smart City Information Enterprise
Indicators for city services and quality of life
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Smart City Information Enterprise
Example Indicators from ISO 37120
ISO 37120 indicators involve geospatial and sensors
• Recreation indicator: Outdoor recreation space
– Square meters of public outdoor recreation space per capita
• Energy indicator: Renewable energy sources
– Percentage of total energy derived from renewable sources, as a
share of the city's total energy consumption
• Environment indicator: Noise pollution
– Noise pollution shall be calculated by mapping the noise level Lden
(day-evening-night) likely to cause annoyance
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Smart City Information Enterprise
Smart City Application Areas
Each SDO has a similar list of application areas:
• Utilities - Smart Grid, Smart Water, etc.
• Sanitation
• Intelligent Buildings
• Intelligent Transportation
• Health
• Public Safety and Security
• Environmental Protection
• Emergency Services
• Education
• Urban Planning
• Open Data
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Smart City Information Enterprise
China’s Smart
City Pilots:
A Progress
Report
Pu Liu and Zhenghong
Peng, Wuhan University
IEEE Computer,
October 2014
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
ITU Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities
OGC
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Smart City Enterprise Components
Elected Officials
Application
Layer
Health
Municipal Employees
Intelligent buildings
Public safety and security
Intelligent transportation
Environmental Protection
Emergency Services
Utilities
Urban planning
Sanitation
Catalogs,
Semantics
Education
Metadata
Data Access
Urban/Municipal Database
Data
Layer
Other
Data
Enterprise
Data
Economic
Data
Population
Data
Geospatial
Data
Data Ingest and Quality Checking
Sensing
Layer
City Sensor Webs
Sensor networks
OGC
Crowdsourcing
Security System
Visualization and
Decision Support
Analytics
and Models
Open data
Cloud hosted resources
Business
Layer
Public
Phones, Wearables
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
Smart City Information Enterprise
Spatial information is pervasive and primary
• Geography Markup Language (GML)
– the international XML standard for
spatial data on the web.
• CityGML - open data format for the
storage and exchange of virtual 3D city
models and semantics
• IndoorGML - modeling indoor spaces
for navigation purposes.
• LandXML - civil engineering and
survey data for land development and
transportation
• Building Information Models (BIM)
using ISO, BuildingSmart and OGC
standards
Source: Thomas Kolbe, Berlin TU
OGC
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Information Viewpoint
CityGML Standards Family
• CityGML Standard
– Version 2.0 – current adopted version
– Version 3.0 Standards Working Group underway
• INSPIRE Data Specification on Buildings
– Buildings Theme as in Annex III of the EU INSPIRE Directive
– 3D representations of buildings using CityGML
– Basis of visualization of noise mapping
• National 3D standard in The Netherlands
– OGC Best Practice: CityGML ADE - Dutch 3D Standard
• Additional profiles are underway
– 3D National Data Model for Kingdom of Bahrain
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
CityGML Implementation
(Thanks to Claus Nagel for input)
• Berlin 3D City Model - one of the world's largest city models.
– 560,000 fully textured building models in Level of Detail 2 (LoD2) and more than 200 detailed
models in LoD3/4.
– Basis of the Berlin Economic Atlas and the Solar Atlas
• German federal surveying agencies central database
– will contain every building in Germany as CityGML LOD1 and LOD2 model.
– LOD1 model is nearly complete, and LOD2 is expected to be completed by the end of next year.
– Nearly every larger German city maintains its own CityGML model in addition.
• Major cities in Austria (e.g., Vienna, Salzburg), Switzerland (e.g., Zürich, Geneva) France
(e.g., Paris, Bordeaux) have CityGML models
• Finland national initiative to build up a nation-wide 3D model
– 3D model on top of an “Open Information Model Architecture” - CityGML + OGC web service
interfaces + open data + open APIs.
– Finish 3D model integrating both BIM and CityGML.
• Singapore evaluated CityGML for a 3D city model covering all LODs.
– Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA)
• Malaysian 3D SDI
• Increasing interest in Japan and US
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
Geospatial Standards and Profile s
Smart service 1
Smart service 2
Domain specific
model 1
Domain specific
model 2
Future extension
National/City Data Model
ISO/BSI
ISO 19152 - LADM
ISO 19156 – O&M
OGC
INSPIRE
IHO/ICAO/WMO/....
Network Model
CityGML
Buildings
AIXM 5.1
SWE Common
Addresses
PAS Smart Cities
S-57/ S-100
BIM
GML Coverages
........
ISO 19103
ISO 19107
ISO 19108
ISO 19111
ISO 19115
ISO 19123
ISO 19136/19139
Source: Carsten Roensdorf, Ordnance Survey
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Information Viewpoint
Seamless spatial data modeling across SDOs
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Information Viewpoint
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
Interoperability Services for Smart Cities
OGC Web Services
• OGC Web Services
– Maps - WMS, Features - WFS, Coverages WCS, Metadata - CSW
Web Feature
Server
Web Coverage
Server
• Sensor Web Enablement
– Discover, Task, Access and Process Sensor
Observations – SOS, SPS
Web Map
Server
• Crowdsourcing
– Geo-enabled Social Media
– SensorThings for Internet of Things
OGC Sensor Web Enablement
• Processing
– WPS, WCPS, TJS, OpenMI
• Visualization and Augmented Reality
– ARML2, 3D Portrayal
• Open Data and Mobile:
– Open GeoSMS, Context, GeoPackage, 3D
Portrayal
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© 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
Services Viewpoint
OGC Services Architecture for interoperable access and
processing of geospatial information for decision support
Visualization / Decision Tools and Applications
Internet and Cellular Networks
Discovery Services
Processing Services
Other Services
Workflow, Alerts
TJS
WCPS
WPS
OpenMI
Access Services
WFS
WMTS
SensorML
Discover
O&M
Task
Geospatial
Browse/Maps
Geospatial
Coverage Data
OGC
ebRIM
SOS
Geospatially
Enabled
Metadata
WMS
WCS
Geospatial
Feature Data
OpenSearch
Geo
Sensor Web Enablement
SPS
Simple
Features
Access
CSW
Access
Puck
Sensors
Other
Data
®
Services Viewpoint
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
Example applications of Smart City
Spatial Information Architecture (1 of 2)
Indicator
Standards
Maintain a City Model
• “Rapid model-building for venue owners” using
CityGML and IndoorGML
Recreation:
Recreation space
• Calculate using WFS, WPS on City model
• OGC Moving Features movement of pedestrians
Energy:
Renewable energy
sources
• Solar Atlas of Berlin is based on CityGML model
• BIM, geospatial, smart meters for urban energy European SUNSHINE project
Environment:
Noise pollution
• 3D visualization of noise using the INSPIRE
Building OGC.
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Example applications of Smart City
Spatial Information Architecture (1 of 3)
Indicator
Standards
Common Operating
Picture
• COP for emergency response using Oil Spill
Recommended Practice – OGC Web Services and
GML Application Schemas
Urban Economics
• Geospatial cyberinfrastructure for urban economic
analysis and simulation: WMS, WFS, WPS at ASU
Big data Analytics
• "New Science of Cities,” Batty
• WPS cloud computing for big data geo-analytics
Crowdsourcing and
VGI
• SensorThings on crowdsourcing “stovepipes”
• WFS and SOS wrapping of Twitter, Flickr and from
mobile devices directly as in OGC testbeds
Open Data
• Open source : OS Geo, LocationTech, Apache, etc
• Open data: Open Street Map, Location Tech,
GEOSS
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OGC Smart Cities
Spatial Information Framework
Community Objectives
• Indicators for city services
and quality of life
• Smart City Applications
• Enterprise Components
Information Models
• GML
• CityGML
• IndoorGML
• LandXML
• BIM
Enterprise
Viewpoint
Abstract/Best Practices
Information
Computational
Viewpoint
Viewpoint
Services
• OGC Web Services
• Sensor Web (SWE)
• Mobile and IoT
• Crowdsourcing
• Open Data
Optimized Design/Development
Indicator
Indicator
Maintain a City Model
Recreation: Recreation space
Energy: Renewable energy
Engineering
Technology
Viewpoints
Common Operating Picture
Urban Economics
Big data Analytics
Crowdsourcing and VGI
Environment: Noise pollution
OGC
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RM-ODP Viewpoints
Open Data
OGC Smart Cities
Spatial Information Framework
1. A Spatial Information Framework for Smart Cities?
2. Smart City Information Enterprise
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
What’s so smart about Smart Cities?
Indicators for city services and quality of life
Smart City Applications
Smart City Enterprise framework
3. Spatial Information and Smart Cities
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Spatial information is pervasive and primary
CityGML and IndoorGML
LandML, InfraGML and InfraML
Building Information Models
4. Interoperability Services for Smart Cities
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Geospatial Services Architecture
Sensor Web Enablement and SensorThings
Data Access Services
Processing Services
Catalogue Services
Workflow
Context Document and GeoPackage
Visualization and Augmented Reality
5. Development of Spatial Information Framework for Smart Cities
5.1
5.2
5.3
Spatial Information Architecture for Smart Cities
OGC Smart City Interoperability Initiatives
Deploying the Spatial Information Framework for Smart Cities
Annex A. Open Standards Coordination for Smart Cities
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Next Steps
Next Steps in developing Spatial Information Framework
• Develop a Spatial Information Architecture for Smart Cities
– Build on the white paper and beyond
• Coordinate with other Standards Developing Organizations
– OGC providing spatial and location standards for Smart Cities
• Catalog OGC member implementations
• Conduct testing to confirm the architecture and technology
• Deploy the architecture as a policy in your Smart City.
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Template for Document Approval Motion
• The Urban Planning DWG recommends that the OGC
Technical Committee approve release of [OGC Document
14-115] “OGC Smart Cities Spatial Information
Framework” as an OGC White Paper
–
–
–
–
–
Pending and final edits and review by OGC staff
After a two week comment period and responses.
Motion: <Name of person making the motion>
Second: <name of the person seconding the motion>
If there is a hand vote, the results of the vote. Otherwise, the phrase
<There was no objection to unanimous consent> should be used
• This White Paper provides a draft spatial information framework for
Smart Cities. The document is structured using an RM-ODP
viewpoints plus an annex surveying Smart City activities in other SDOs.
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