 EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful emissions
 Health and environmental effects of hydrocarbon fuel combustion
 Idle reduction
 Immediate savings after implementation
 Reduced consumption of foreign oil
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Lesson 1:
Introduction to Idle
Reduction
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Objectives
 Describe what idle reduction is
 Explain the basic history of idle reduction strategies and technologies
 Describe how implementing idle reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment
 Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction
 Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it
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 Petroleum and emissions reduction technologies and strategies
 Idle = speed at which ICEs rotate under no throttle or load
 Tachometer displays engine speed (600-
1,000 rpm)
 Smooth engine operation during acceleration from stop and adequate oil pressure
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 Transportation and convenience idling
 Technologies, policies, strategies to reduce engine idle time
 Strategies and technologies to reduce both transportation and convenience idling
Figure 1: The engine tachometer showing a vehicle’s idle speed. Source: NAFTC.
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Idling a vehicle may allow for the comforts of heat or A/C and the operation of accessories such as radios or other multimedia, but when your vehicle is idling, your fuel economy when not in motion is 0 mpg.
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 ICEs in use since the early 20 th century
 Old = mechanical carburetors/fuel pumping systems
 New = electronic throttle, high pressure fuel system, electronic fuel injection
 Idling vehicles produce no propulsion but still consume fuel and produce emissions
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 Pre-heating, pre-cooling for comfort
 Idling while waiting for traffic, etc.
 Load from accessories
 Long-haul trucks may idle up to 300 nights a year
 Non-driving time requirements
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Policies for Idle Reduction
 U.S. EPA emissions and CAFE fuel economy standards
 More attention is being paid to emissions produced from idling
 Federal tax exemptions for heavy-duty trucks
 New vehicles and aftermarket products
 Clean Cities program, SmartWay
Transportation, Clean School Bus USA partnership, and others
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Figure 2: States that have policies or incentives to implement idle reduction technologies. Source: AFDC.
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 State enacted policies and idle limitations
 Local and city government regulations
 School bus emissions at idle
 Amount of fuel used per idle time
 Reduced idling = immediate fuel savings
Figure 3: School bus at idle, consuming fuel and producing emissions. Source: EPA.
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Idling a car for one hour consumes about one gallon of fuel.
Source: http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/idling.html.
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 Cleaner, healthier planet
 Improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions
 Innovative technologies, specialized technicians
 Technologies and strategies implemented by both manufacturers and consumers
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Consumer Idle Reduction Strategies
 Any reduction in idle time can save fuel and reduce emissions
 Idling during in-city driving
 Avoiding congested areas
 Limit idle time for convenience
 Immediate fuel savings
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Manufacturer Idle Reduction
 New technologies, improved fuel economy, and reduced emissions
 Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicle fuel savings
 Idle shutoff functions, mild hybrid technologies
 APUs for long haul trucks
 TSE implementation
Figure 4: Driver in a long haul truck utilizing a type of
TSE. Source: IdleAir.
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Truck idling uses approximately 3 billion gallons of fuel per year
• Approximately 1 billion gallons for overnight idling
• Roughly 2 billion gallons for workday idling
Every hour a truck idles unnecessarily is equivalent to about 8 to 10 miles of on-road driving.
Source: Argonne National Laboratory.
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 Personal and environmental health
 Financial and fuel economy improvements
 Technologies manufacturing and service
 Implementation by both consumers and fleets
 Immediate reductions in fuel consumption and emissions
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Advantages of Idle Reduction
 Reduced fuel consumption
 Fewer vehicle emissions
 Lower operating costs
 Increased engine life
 No-cost implementation
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Additional Points to Consider
 Possible capital investment
 Personal convenience may be compromised
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 Health and environmental benefits
 Reduced fuel costs - economics
 Reduced dependence on foreign oil – energy security
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 Combustion of fuels produces harmful emissions
 Creation of PM
 Respiratory and cardiovascular complications
 Idle reduction reduces vehicle emissions
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 Emissions negatively affect the environment
 GHG formation, climate change
 Idle reduction = reduced emissions
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 Excessive idling = unnecessary financial loss
 Industry opportunity for implementation of idle reduction technologies
 Reduced consumption = financial benefit for all drivers
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 Reduced idling = reduced fuel consumption
 Reduced fuel consumption = reduced reliance on foreign oil
 Nearly half of all petroleum used in the
U.S. is imported
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Upon completing this lesson, can you:
 Describe what idle reduction is?
 Explain the basic history of idle reduction strategies and technologies?
 Describe how implementing idle reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment?
 Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction?
 Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it?
26

1.
True or False: Engine speeds of idling engines under no load are typically 600-
1,000 rotations per minute (rpm).
2.
What does the acronym TSE stand for and how does it relate to idle reduction?
3.
A passenger car that is idles for one hour consumes about ___ gallon(s) of fuel.
4.
True or False: Vehicles that are idling while not moving have a fuel economy of 0 miles per gallon (MPG).
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Lesson 2:
Idle Reduction Policies,
Infrastructure, and
Sustainability
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Objectives
 Describe federal, state, and local policies on idle reduction
 Explain how both manufacturers and consumers can implement idle reduction strategies
 Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction
 Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency
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 Reduced allowable emissions from vehicles
 CAFE fuel economy standards for passenger cars and trucks
 New goals implemented by the Obama administration
 Fuel economy gains of more than 5% per year
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Figure 5: New standards for light-duty vehicles in order to meet 2016 compliance. Source: EPA.
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Figure 6: Compression-ignition engine emissions limits. Source: EPA.
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Testing Procedures
 Pre-defined test cycles for light- and heavyduty vehicles
 Dynamometer vehicle testing
 Fuel waste and emissions from overnight idling
 New technology development
 Strict standards and timelines
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Figure 7: Test cycles for fuel economy and emissions of light-duty vehicles. Source: EPA.
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Federal Idle Reduction Programs
 Clean Cities program
 Reduce petroleum consumption
 Offers educational workshops, grants, program development assistance
 SmartWay
 Partnership between government and industry
 Financing options for fuel-saving and emission reducing technologies
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Clean School Bus USA
 Partnership between EPA and private organizations
 Reduce children’s exposure to school bus emissions
 Limit school bus idling
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For more information on Clean Cities initiatives in your area, visit: www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities .
For more information on a SmartWay program, visit: http://www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm
To learn more about another DOE idle reduction project, visit: http://www.the-step-project.org
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State Programs
 Individual regulations and incentives
 Incentives often based on vehicle weight
 Truck stop electrification (TSE) development
 Maximum idling time per hour
 Specific grant programs for idle reduction implementation
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To learn about other states laws, visit http:/www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state .
And http://www.atri-online.org/2012/01/01/idlingregulations-compendium/ .
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Local
 Maximum idle time in public places
 Idle time may vary by location, proximity to certain businesses
Figure 8: Idle-Free Tennessee Program. Source: East Tennessee Clean Fuels Coalition.
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 New technologies help light- duty manufacturers reach CAFE/EPA standards
 Light- and medium-duty mild hybrid implementation
 Heavy-duty idle timer use
 Auxiliary power units (APUs)
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 Purchase of new technologies/vehicles
 Understand how the vehicle operates
 Minimum warm-up/cool-down times
 Planning trips/avoiding traffic congestion
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 Distribution of Knowledge
 Strategies are implemented on vehicles that are already in use
 Easily adapted for advanced technology vehicles
 Immediate fuel and emissions reductions
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Infrastructure
 Some strategies requires no infrastructure development
 Mild hybrid, HEV, EV production already in place
 Heavy-duty sector development
 APUs, TSE (possibility for up to 5,000 TSE sites)
 Utilization of electricity over petroleum
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 Completely sustainable practices
 Small changes can affect fuel consumption
 Less dependence on foreign oil supplies
 Remember overnight commercial truck idling consumes about 1 billion gallons a fuel a year
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Cost Efficiency
 Immediate fuel savings
 Strategies can be implemented at no cost
 Technology investment may be offset by tax incentives and fuel savings
The Future of Idle Reduction
 Necessary part of achieving higher fuel economy ratings
 Evolution from options to standard equipment
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Upon completing this lesson, can you:
 Describe federal, state, and local policies on idle reduction?
 Explain how both manufacturers and consumers can implement idle reduction strategies?
 Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction?
 Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency?
47

1.
True or False: The Clean Cities and SmartWay transportation programs are examples of federal programs that address benefits of idle reduction.
2.
In West Virginia, a heavy-duty vehicle may not operate more than ________ minutes within a sixty minute period.
3.
The EPA estimates that overnight idling of long- haul trucks consumes 1 (thousand, million, billion) gallons of fuel annually.
4.
True or False: Additions in TSE could provide up to
64 electrified truck stops nationwide.
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Lesson 3:
Idle Reduction
Technologies and
Strategies
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Objectives
 Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector
 Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light- and medium-duty vehicle sector
 Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies
 Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place
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 Long-haul commercial freight carriers
 Rest/driving requirements set by the U.S.
DOT
 Average truck idles more than 1,400 hours annually
 Technology, strategy developments to reduce idle time
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Strategies
 No up-front implementation cost
 State-enforced anti-idling laws
 Bus loading/unloading
 Warm-up and cool-down procedures may require idle time
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Technologies



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To find an electrified truck stop in your region, the DOE hosts a site locator searchable by zip code. It can be found at http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/tse .
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Technologies
 Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
 Single-system vs. dual-system
 Single-system offers heating, A/C, electricity, internet, cable
 Unit is placed in passenger window
 Offers connectivity and comfort features
 Dual-system requires onboard equipment for each truck
 Driver plugs truck in to the electrical outlet to power onboard equipment – known as “shore power”
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Figure 9: Long-haul trucks using truck stop electrification. Source: EPA.
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Technologies
 Onboard Equipment
 Powered by external electrical source or existing fuel system
 Use is more efficient than allowing the engine to idle
 Onboard Heating
 Direct-fired = small furnaces
 Consumes only a small amount of fuel per hour
 Coolant heaters = heat transfer system
 Can be used to heat cabin and warm engine in cold climates
Figure 10: Direct-fired heater installed in a long haul truck. Source: DOT.
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Technologies
 Onboard Cooling
 Thermal storage, battery-electric air conditioners
 Thermal storage: energy is stored during normal operation, used at a later time to cool cab
 Battery-electric air conditioners: powered by onboard batteries that are charged at truck stops
 Both produce zero local emissions
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Technologies
 Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
 Small vehicle-mounted systems
 Electrical generator powered by an internal combustion engine
 Heat recapture from ICE
 Powers accessories, HVAC
 Rechargeable battery packs
Figure 11: Auxiliary power unit attached behind the fuel tank of a long haul truck. Source: IdleAir.
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Light- and Medium-Duty Idle Reduction
 Over 234 million light-duty vehicles registered in 2010
 Implementation of idle reduction strategies can have drastic effects
 Enormous potential for reduced fuel consumption
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Strategies
 Provide immediate fuel savings
 Modern vehicle warm-up functions
 Extended idling situations
 Engine operation at higher speeds
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Technologies
 Research is being conducted
 Advancements help reduce fuel consumption
 Block Heaters
 Use grid power to maintain engine temperature
 Operate on standard 120VAC outlet
 Reduces ‘necessary’ idle time
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 Mild Hybrids
 Idle shutoff function
 Small battery pack and motor/generator (MG)
 Used only for short amounts of time
 Reduce idle time by shutting ICE off
 Other Idle Shutoff Technologies
 Advanced engine technologies reduce amount of energy needed to restart engine
 Conventional starters
 Micro-hybrids
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Vehicle Maintenance, Performance, and
Safety
 Similar if not the same as conventional vehicles
 Regular scheduled maintenance
 Same performance, reduced fuel consumption
 Same safety systems as conventional vehicles
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Upon completing this lesson, can you:
 Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector?
 Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light-duty vehicle sector?
 Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies?
 Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place?
65

1.
True or False: The only idle reduction option for light-duty consumers is to purchase new mild hybrid vehicles.
2.
What does the acronym APU stand for?
3.
_____________ heaters are like small furnaces that can be used to heat the cabs of long-haul trucks.
4.
True or False: Commercial truckers are required to take minimum amounts of rest time from driving each day.
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