EFISIENSI PEMBIAYAAN
INFRASTRUKTUR
MANAJEMEN KOTA
JOHANNES PARLINDUNGAN, ST., MT.
E-mail : johannes@ub.ac.id
Blog : http://johannes.lecture.ub.ac.id/
JURUSAN PERENCANAAN WILAYAH dan KOTA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
PRINSIP PENGELOLAAN
KEUANGAN DAERAH
TANGGUNG
JAWAB
PENUHI
KEWAJIBAN
KEUANGAN
PENGEN
DALIAN
PRINSIP
HASIL
GUNA &
DAYA
GUNA
KEJUJU
RAN
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McCullough dan Hicks, 31984
EFISIENSI ANGGARAN
EFISIENSI PADA SEKTOR HASIL DIJELASKAN DENGAN KONSEP
MASUKAN – KELUARAN (INPUT-OUTPUT)
BIAYA SEMINIMAL MUNGKIN UNTUK MEMBERI PELAYANAN YANG
MAKSIMAL
ASPEK HUBUNGAN DAN TATA KERJA ANTAR INSTANSI PEMERINTAH
DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN POTENSI DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN
SUATU DAERAH
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FAKTOR PENENTU EFISIENSI
TEKNOLOGI
KEPE
MIMPIN
AN
DUKUNGAN
KEPADA
APARATUR
STRUKTUR
ORGANISASI
FAKTOR
SDM
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KONSEP EFISIENSI DAN
EFEKTIVITAS ANGGARAN
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
e.g. Regulatory- competitive framework, socio-economic background, climate,
economic development, functioning of the public administration
INPUT
MONETARY &
NON-MONETARY
RESOURCES
ALLOCATIVE
EFFICIENCY
TECHNICAL
EFFICIENCY
OUTPUT
EFFECTIVENESS
OUTCOME
MANDL, et al. 2008
PROBLEMS :
Public Spending has multiple objectives.
Public Sector Outputs are not often sold on market
(price data is not available, output can’t be quantified).
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KONSEP …
MANDL, et al. 2008
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CASE : EFISIENSI ANGGARAN
KAB. JEMBRANA - BALI PRASOJO, et al. 2005
KAB. JEMBRANA :
KEMAMPUAN KEUANGAN RELATIF RENDAH DGN SUMBER
PENGHASILAN UTAMA DARI PAJAK
TETAPI MAMPU LAKSANAKAN PROGRAM-PROGRAM
INOVATIF
PENDIDIKAN
KESEHATAN
PEREKONOMIAN
BEBAS BIAYA
JAMINAN
KESEHATAN
DANA BERGULIR
PERBAIKAN
SARANA
KUALITAS GURU
PEMBERIAN ALAT
KERJA
MAGANG & BURSA
TENAGA KERJA
SEKOLAH KAJIAN
DANA TALANGAN
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BEBAS PBB
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CASE …
LEMBAGA
ADAT
KEBERLAN
DAMPAK
PROGRAM
JUTAN
PROGRAM
FAKTOR
KUNCI
PERAN
BUPATI
PRIORITAS
PROGRAM
EFISIENSI
BIROKRASI
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WATER DISTRIBUTION &
ENERGY
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LACK of
AWARENESS
FINANCING
EFFICIENCY
SUBSIDIES
AVERSION
to RISK
BARRIERS
to
WATERGY
EFFICIENCY
CHANGE
MAY IMPLY
PROBLEM
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EFISIENSI ANGGARAN PEMERINTAH
YANG DITAWARKAN OLEH
PERUSAHAAN PENYEDIA LAYANAN
LISTRIK
(ENERGY SERVICE
COOPERATION/ESCO)
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EVALUATING THE COST
EFFECTIVENESS
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NEED EFFICIENCY MEASURES
WATER DISTRIBUTION
EFFICIENCY
MEASURES
MEASURES FOR
CUSTOMERS
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1. WATER DISTRIBUTION
• Aggressively reducing losses of water,
• Installing water meters
• Setting upwater pricing systems that
encourage water efficiency
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2. MEASURES FOR CUSTOMERS
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Example of the matrix for initial screening of
water-use efficiency measures
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EVALUATING …
ESCAP, 2003
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•
•
•
•
•
•
REDUCED WATER PRODUCTION WILL SAVE COST :
Reduced water purchases from wholesale water agencies;
Reduced energy from pumping (production, treatment, and
distribution);
Lower chemical use;
Reduced or deferred costs of water treatment plant capital
expansion;
Reduced water storage costs;
Reduced wastewater processing costs.
ESCAP, 2003
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UTILITY BENEFIT
SHORT TERM SAVING :
RESULT IMMEDIATELY FROM FROM EFFICIENCY ACTIVITIES
(include : reduced cost of treatment chemicals, energy input, and
labour and materials required to handle reduced water production)
LONG TERM SAVING :
ASSOCIATED WITH CAPITAL FACILITIES
(cth: penangguhan pembangunan fasilitas pengolahan
air limbah karena reduksi pemanfaatan air bersih)
ESCAP, 2003
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ESCAP, 2003
Delaying and/or downsizing a capital facility due to water demand reduction
from efficiency measures
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UTILITY COST
IMPLEMENTATION COST
(ex: staff time, hardware costs, public and school education
materials, and the cost of any monetary incentives that may be
offered)
THE COST TO THE WATER SUPPLY UTILITY FROM REDUCED
REVENUE RESULTING FROM DECREASED DEMAND
(viewed by planners as being exactly the same as if capital outlay
was required to build new water supply projects)
ESCAP, 2003
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
1. LOAN FINANCING SCHEME AND PARTIAL
GUARENTEE SCHEME
2. USE OF ENERGY SERVICE COMPANIES
(ESCOs)
3. UTILITY DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT
(DSM) PROGRAMS
TAYLOR, et al. 2008
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
MANDL, et al. 2008. THE EFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY of PUBLIC
SPENDING.
PRASOJO, et al. 2005. EFISIENSI ANGGARAN SEBAGAI FAKTOR KUNCI
KEBERHASILAN DALAM PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM INOVASI DI KABUPATEN
JEMBRANA
ESCAP. 2003. GUIDE TO PREPARING URBAN WATER – USE EFFICIENCY
PLANS. UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
TAYLOR, et al. 2008. FINANCING ENERGY EFFICIENCY. ESCAP PUBLICATION
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