Integrated Pest Management:
Insect Challenges
Southern Maryland Vegetable
Conference
Presented by Ben Beale
with Slides from:
Galen Dively, UMD
Joanne Whalen, UDEL
Topics
•
•
•
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Systemic worm control products
Sweet corn BT protein releases
Label Changes
Resistance Issues
Systemic worm control products
• Chlorantraniliprole, also known as
Rynaxypyr. Sold under the brand name
Coragen
• New chemistry with excellent control of
Lepidoptera pest
• Has activity as both a drench application
and foliar application.
Systemic worm control products
• Potential benefits:
– Residual control with easy application
– Reduced risk to applicator compared with
conventional foliar applied products
– Very low mammalian toxicity
– Ability to reach Lepidoptera which may not be
affected by contact products
Does Chlorantraniliprole have
activity in fruit?
Note: .074 kg ai/ha is equivalent to 5ozs per acre
.112 kg ai/ha is equivalent to 7.5ozs per acre
Excellent tool for control of tomato tuberworm in foliage.
Will not control tuberworm once it has entered the fruit.
• Now labeled on wide variety of vegetable
crops, including most cucurbi crops, fruiting
vegetables and cole crops.. NOT labeled on
onions, parsnips, asparagus, garlic, turnips,
radishes.
Brand name
Tank Mix Products
Voliam
Express
Chlorantraniliprole
Lambacyhalothrin
Voliam flexi,
Durivo
Chlorantraniliprole
thiamethoxam
Sweet Corn Insect Control
What’s New and What Works
Galen P. Dively
Department of Entomology
European corn borer
Corn earworm
Major problem with sprays - Maintaining a
toxin residue of insecticide on the silk tissue
Attribute Insect Protected Bt Sweet Corn
Syngenta Seeds
Expresses Cry1Ab insecticidal protein in all tissues at consistently
high levels throughout the crop cycle.


Created by traditional breeding using event BT11 field corn.

Targets caterpillars attacking foliage and the developing ear.

Bt hybrids available for processing and fresh market.
Effects on European Corn Borer
nonBt
Bt
100% protection against whorl, stalk
and ear damage.

Eliminates all ECB-targeted
insecticide applications.

nonBt
Bt
Effects on Corn Earworm
Bt

Reduces kernel area consumed by >90%.

Reduces side ear damage.
nonBt
Reduces insecticide applications by 80% or more depending
on population pressure.

Effects on Fall Armyworm

More tolerant to Cry1Ab protein

Eliminates most whorl and tassel treatments.

Reduces husk and kernel damage by 50% or more.
 Attribute
Bt varieties provide
excellent protection against caterpillars
entering ears during fresh silking.
High Bt protein expression in green
silk tissue.

 After pollination, the Bt protein degrades as the
silk tissue wilts and the expressed protein degrades,
larvae can by-pass silk tissue and move directly to
developing kernels.
 Larvae have a better chance to survive in the ear,
because not all kernels express Bt protein.
 More damage is likely to occur under high insect
pressure and in hybrids lacking good tip cover.
 Surviving larvae still become sick and do not
develop or feed normally; but can be present in
25% or more of the ears.
 For late plantings, one or two insecticide sprays
are needed to prevent ear damage from exceeding
fresh market standards.
Attribute GSS0966
Prime Plus (non-Bt)
Abnormally High Corn Earworm and Fall
Armyworm Pressure in 2010
Attribute BC0805 (Bt)
Providence(non-Bt)
Example of a late planting of untreated sweet corn in MD
Next Generation of Bt Sweet Corn Technology
Seminis Seeds - Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab + Cry3Bb1 – Performance Series
Syngenta Seeds - VIP3A + Cry1Ab – Attribute II (not available until 2013)
Pyramided and stacked genes
Advantages:
Added herbicide
tolerant genes
Broader spectrum
of insect control
Higher efficacy
Less prone to
resistance
development
Non-Bt
Cry1Ab
Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn
with Bt events for caterpillar pests
Event
Protein
ECB
CEW
FAW
BCW
WBCW
MON810
Cry1Ab
E
G
G
P
P
BT11
Cry1Ab
E
G
G
P
P
TC16-507
Cry1F
E
F
VG
G
VG
MON89034 Cry1A.105
Cry2Ab
E
VG
E
F
F
MON89034 Cry1A.105
Cry2Ab
TC16-507
Cry1F
E
VG
E
VG
VG
E
E
E
E
E
MIR162
BT11
Vip3A,
Cry1Ab
ECB= European corn borer; CEW= corn earworm; FAW= fall armyworm; BCW=
black cutworm; and WBCW= western bean cutworm.
Control rating: E= excellent, VG= very good, G= good, F=fair, and P= poor.
Kernel Segregation Ratios
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
hemizygous for the Bt trait
BV
Bv
bV
bv
BV
BBVV
BBVv
BbVV
BbVv
Bv
BBVv
BBvv
BbVv
Bbvv
bV
BbVV
BbVv
bbVV
bbVv
Bv
BbVv
Bbvv
bbVv
bbvv
Kernel Segregation Ratios
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
Attribute single gene expression (Cry1Ab)
Performance Series (Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab vectored)
BV
Bv
bV
bv
BV
BBV
V
BBVv
BbVV
BbVv
Bv
bV
Bv
BBVv BbVV BbVv
BBvv BbVv Bbvv
BbVv bbVV bbVv
Bbvv bbVv bbvv
Kernel Segregation Ratios
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
Attribute single gene expression (Cry1Ab)
Performance Series (Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab vectored)
BV
Bv
bV
bv
BV
BBVV
BBVv
BbVV
BbVv
Bv
BBVv
BBvv
BbVv
Bbvv
bV
BbVV
BbVv
bbVV
bbVv
Bv
BbVv
Bbvv
bbVv
bbvv
Attribute II (Vip3A + Cry1Ab separate events)
Efficacy of ‘Performance Series’ Sweet Corn
to prevent ear injury
Obsession
Obsession Bt
Non-Bt Isoline
Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab
Bt varieties available: Temptation, Obsession, Passion
Sweet
corn
hybrid
BC 0805
Bt
Control
program
Percent
Percent
CEW
marketabl damag CEW
e ears
e
per ear
Kernel
area
consumed
(cm2)
2 sprays
54
46
0.5
0.7
unspraye
d
10
87
1.2
1.9
Obsession 2 sprays
91
11
>0.1
0.1
Bt
unspraye
d
74
37
0.4
0.3
Obsession 6 sprays
72
30
>0.1
0.8
nonBt
unspraye
d
4
96
0.9
7.1
Providenc unspraye
2011
Experimentdat Beltsville MD; sprays
every 3 days1.2
starting at early
e
nonBt
0 applied100
10.3fresh
silk.
Efficacy of of ‘Performance Series’ Sweet Corn
to prevent whorl and tassel injury
Obsession
Obsession Bt
Non-Bt Isoline
Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab
Efficacy of Attribute II Sweet Corn
MD and MN 2007-2010
Providence Non-Bt
Isoline
Attribute II - Vip3A +
Cry1Ab
Bt Sweet Corn is an Environmentally Safe
Control Option
 Ideally fits the IPM philosophy by combining:
- Host plant resistance
- Different modes of action to prevent
resistance.
- Use of a reduced risk
bioinsecticide.
- Conserves beneficial insects
 Significantly reduces insecticide use and control
costs.
 Efficacy may vary under adverse growing
conditions or very high insect pressure.
Other sweet corn pests
 Expressed Bt proteins do not affect
soil and seedling insects or sap beetles
and rootworm beetles later in the
season.
Scout fields
Trap monitoring
Destroy crop after
harvest
Attribute and Performance
varieties require a
stewardship agreement to
purchase
CURRENT ISSUE: Pyrethroid Resistance in Corn Earworm

Increased resistance in southern
and north central United States.

Average % Control of Pyrethroid
Insecticides based on Sweet Corn
Field Tests from the Mid-Atlantic
Region

Year
Resistant moths from the south
disperse into northern areas.
Monitoring work in the MidAtlantic area has detected
increased tolerance.

Increasing reports of reduced
efficacy.
Mean
1999
84.7
75-99
2000
76.5
67-95
2001
80.3
65-91
 Weight
of evidence indicates
resistance is developing
Range
2002
78.3
53-94
Fresh Market Sweet Corn Ear Quality
Status of Insecticide Efficacy and Control
 Pyrethroids have lost 1/3 of their efficacy since 2002.
 No consistent differences among pyrethroid products.
 Efficacy of pyrethroids varies from year to year.
 Mixtures of Lannate and pyrethroids - best strategy.
 Recommend rotations with newer products (Coragen,
Belt, Radiant).
 Silk zone spray coverage is essential.
 Tighter schedules may compensate for reduced efficacy.
Treatment
Application
Timing ( order)
Treatment
Application
Timing (order)
(1)Voliam Xpress
Warrior II
1,3,5
2,4,6
(6) Belt + Baythroid
Lannate + Baythroid
1,2,4,5
3,6
(2) Voliam Xpress
Warrior II
1,2,3
4,5,6
(7) Larvin
1,2,3,4,5,6
(3) Coragen
Lannate + Asana
1,3,5
2,4,6
(8) Radiant
1,2,3,4,5,6
(4) Coragen
Lannate + Asana
1,2,3
4,5,6
(9) Gemstar + LI 700
Radiant
1,3,5
2,4,6
(5) Belt + NIS
Baythroid
1,3,5
2,4,6
(10) Untreated
-----
Treatment
Application Timing
% Clean + Tip
Damaged Ears
Voliam Xpress
Warrior II
1,3,5
2,4,6
96.64a
Voliam Xpress
Warrior II
1,2,3
4,5,6
93.87a
Coragen
Lannate + Asana
1,3,5
2,4,6
83.05abcd
Belt + Baythroid
Lannate + Baythroid
1,2,4,5
3,6
88.87abc
Untreated
-----
1.27f
Untreated Control – CEW and SB Damaged Ears – 98%
Treatment
Application
Timing (order)
Treatment
Application
Timing (order)
(1) Voliam Xpress
Warrior II
1,3,5
2,4,6
(6) Belt + Baythroid
Lannate +
Baythroid
1,2,4,5
3,6
(2) Voliam Xpress
Warrior II
1,2,3
4,5,6
(7) Lannate +
Warrior II
1,2,3,4,5,6
(3) Coragen
Lannate + Asana
1,3,5
2,4,6
(8) Radiant
1,2,3,4,5,6
(4) Coragen
Lannate + Asana
1,2,3
4,5,6
(9) Warrior II
1,3,5
2,4,6
(5) Belt + NIS
Baythroid
1,3,5
2,4,6
(10) Untreated
-----
Treatment
Application Timing
% Clean + Tip
Damaged
Voliam Xpress
Warrior II
1,3,5
2,4,6
88.75ab
Voliam Xpress
Warrior II
1,2,3
4,5,6
91.25a
Lannate + Warrior
1,2,3,4,5,6
80.63abc
Belt + Baythroid
Lannate + Baythroid
1,2,4,5
3,6
87.50ab
Untreated
-----
1.25f
Untreated Control – CEW Damaged Ears – 99%
Poorest Results:
-- Larvin ( no longer available in 2012 unless another
company picks it up)
-- Gemstar ( Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) alternated with
Radiant
 Best Results:
-- Voliam Xpress – rotated or alternated with Warrior – note
high CEW pressure will need to use combo of Lannate + Warrior
when rotating/alternating with Voliam Xpress
-- Combination of Belt + Baythroid alternated with Lannate
+ Baythroid
-- Coragen alternated with Lannate + Asana – mid season
-- Lannate + Warrior – still hanging in there for now

Label Changes
• Endosulfan (Thiodan): Label has been
cancelled. Users must use any remaining
product by the end use date set by EPA
• For many crops, endosulfan cannot be used
after July 12, 2012, even if the product has a
label that lists that crop.
• Be sure to adhere to the phase out
guidelines. See label and EPA website for
more info.
July 31 2012- Partial Listing
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•
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•
•
•
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Almond
Apricot
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery (non-AZ)
Collard greens
Dry beans
Dry peas
Eggplant
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kale
Kohlrabi
Mustard greens
Nectarine (CA only)
Strawberry (Annual)
Sweet potato
Turnip
Ornamental trees,
shrubs, and herbaceous
plants
July 31 2012- Partial Listing
•
•
•
•
•
Cabbage
• Summer melons
(cantaloupe, honeydew,
Cotton
watermelon)
Cucumbers
• Summer squash
Lettuce
• Tobacco
Stone fruits not listed in
Group A, including
Nectarine (non-CA),
Peaches, and Sweet cherry
New Reduced-Risk Pesticides
and Biotechnology Products
Less toxic to humans and wildlife
Less persistent
Less likely to affect the environment
adversely
More diverse chemically in their modes of
action
More active chemically, applied at lower
rates
New Classes of Insecticides
NICOTINOIDS
imidacloprid - Admire, Gaucho, Merit, Provado, Marathon;
acetamiprid - Assail, Pristine, Chipco;
thiamethoxam - Actara, Platinum, Adage;
others pursuing U.S. registration.
Replaces many older products for sucking insect
control.
SPINOSYNS
spinosad – SpinTor, Success, Tracer, Naturalyte.
Entrust - new organic certified product, available in 2003.
Excellent caterpillar product.
OXADIAZINES
indoxacarb - Steward and Avaunt.
Very effective product to control lepidopteran
insects, especially hard to kill insects such as BAW.
IGRs - Insect Growth Regulators
buprofezin – Applaud
Registered on certain nut and fruit crops for whitefly, scale
insect, and leafhopper control
tebufenozide – Confirm; methoxyfenozide – Intrepid.
Used on vegetables, pome fruits, several small fruits, and
canola to control lepidopteran insects.
IGRs can be used against many pests; expect to see an increase in IGR
registrations.
AVERMECTINS
abamectin - Agri-Mek.
emamectin benzoate - Proclaim, Denim.
milbemectin – Ultiflora, Koromite.
Used to control mites and caterpillars at the very
low rates.
Cucumber
Beetle
Bacterial
Wilt
Cucumber Beetle Management
• Scout field, especially field edges and under
plastic
• Watermelon – resistant to bacterial wilt, but
can damage seedlings and rind
• Cantaloupe – very susceptible to wilt
• Treatment Thresholds
– Watermelon – 2 beetles per plant
– Cantaloupe - presence
Cucumber Beetle Management: Effect of Chemigation Treatments
Trial Results from Joanne Whalen and Marty Spellman, UDel
12
Platinum 2SC 5oz
Platinum 2SC 8oz
10
Admire 2SC 16 oz
8
Admire 2SC 8oz (applied
twice 2 wks apart)
6
Platinum2SC 4oz (applied
twice 2 wks apart)
4
Platinum2SC 5oz plus 2
apps. Warrior 1Cs 3.76oz
2
Platinum2SC 5oz plus 2 apps
Actara 25 WDG 3oz
Vydate64oz+32oz+32oz(2
week intervals)
0
Cucumber Beetles per 5 plants
Un treated
Cucumber Beetle Management: Gallia Melons
Trial Results from Tom Kuhar and Jack Speese, Virginia Tech
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
a
ab
a
a
Untreated
b,c
c
Platinum+Warrior
Assail
Warrior
Capture
cd
Platinum
Admire
e
ed ed ed
Avaunt
Intrepid
Proclaim
Spintor
# Plants killed by early
feeding/wilt (out of 10)