Finnish BC emission inventory, and
national characteristics and user practice
influence on domestic wood combustion
emissions
Kaarle J. Kupiainen 1,2, Mikko Savolahti 1, Niko Karvosenoja 1,
Zbigniew Klimont 2
1 Finnish
Environment Institute (SYKE)
2 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
LIFE+ 09 Environment Policy and Governance
Project “Mitigation of Arctic warming by controlling
European black carbon emissions (MACEB)”
Content
• National BC emission inventory (FRES model)
• Some model results and comparisons with
global and regional models
• Effect of national characteristics on domestic
wood combustion emissions
• User practice influence on domestic wood
combustion emissions – sensitivity study
• Conclusions
Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) model
Finnish national IAM, the national tool under UNECE CLRTAP
Anthropogenic emissions 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050 (several activity scenarios)
Comprehensive and congruent calculation for primary and secondary PM gases
•primary PM (TSP, PM10 - 2.5 - 1 - 0.1, chemical composition in size classes)
•SO2, NOx, NH3, NMVOC
BC
OC
•GHGs
Abatement technologies and costs
8 main sectors,
more than 100 subsectors
GAINS model compatible
Large point sources (approx. 250),
area emissions (1  1km2)
Several emission heights
Source: Kupiainen et al. 2006. EMISSIONS OF PRIMARY
CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES, THEIR UNCERTAINTIES AND
SPATIAL ALLOCATION IN FINLAND. Proceedings of the IUAPPA
Regional Conference, Lille and Paris, 5-8 September 2006
8.4.2015
www.environment.fi/syke/pm-modeling
Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) model
www.environment.fi/syke/pm-modeling
Machinery and off-road
OC
Domestic wood comb., stoves
Domestic wood comb., boilers
8.4.2015
Road traffic
Finnish BC and OC emissions by sector
•
•
•
Transport and domestic wood combustion
are key sectors
BC emission reductions happen mainly in
the transport sector (Euro-standards)
The national climate strategy (2008)
scenario assumed increasing fuel wood
use and some improvements in
combustion technology in the domestic
sector
The additional emission reduction scenario
(2020red) assumes further reduction
potential (-25% BC, -19% OC)
–
–
–
Domestic sector: All masonry heaters are modern
(except in recreational buildings), boilers are
equipped with ESPs (-8% BC, -7% OC reduction)
Transport sector: All vehicles have Euro5 or Euro6
abatement (-16% BC, -9% OC reduction)
Power generation & Industry: Fabric filters in large
combustion plants, ESPs in small combustion
plants (<50MW) (-1% BC, -3% OC reduction)
7
Other (e.g. non
combustion sources)
6
Machinery, off-road, air &
marine traffic
5
Road traffic
4
Industrial processes
3
2
Domestic combustion
1
0
2005
2020
Base year
2020red
Power plants and
industrial combustion
Scenarios
6
Organic carbon Gg a-1
•
Black carbon Gg a-1
8
5
Other (e.g. non
combustion sources)
4
Machinery, off-road, air &
marine traffic
Road traffic
3
Industrial processes
2
Domestic combustion
1
0
2005
Base year
2020
2020red
Scenarios
Power plants and
industrial combustion
Comparison with other BC emission inventories
9
•
Comparison with Bond et al.
(2007)* BC inventory and the
GAINS model**
(http://gains.iiasa.ac.at) BC results
shows rather good agreement
Key sectors are the same in all
assessments, but there are
differences in total emissions as
well as sectoral distribution
Open burning
8
Black carbon in 2000 (Gg a-1 )
•
7
Other sources
6
Off-road
5
4
Road transport
3
2
Domestic combustion
1
0
Power plants and industry
FRES
Bond et al. 2004 GAINS nat
GAINS IEA
9
8
* National data for Arctic Council countries presented in
Sarofim et al. 2009. Current Policies, Emission Trends and
Mitigation Options for Black Carbon in the Arctic Region.
**GAINS model projections:
•
’nat’ activities according to the national submissions
within the Gothenburg protocol revision
•
’IEA REF’ and ’IEA 450’ according to the International
Energy Agency 2009 databases
Black carbon (Gg a-1 )
7
6
FRES
5
Bond et al. 2007
4
GAINS nat
3
GAINS IEA REF
2
GAINS IEA 450
1
0
2000
2010
2020
2030
BC and OC emission factors – national characteristics
have to be reflected in emission inventories
•
•
Dataset in 2005 (Kupiainen et al. 2006) was compiled based on international
measurement literature on stoves (national BC/OC measurement were not available
at the time)
National measurements (field and lab) on Finnish devices became available in 20072009 (Tissari et al., 2007) and showed important differences compared with the old
dataset :
–
–
Masonry heaters and sauna stoves are most common device types in Finland (see pie chart). They are
operated for a short time and with a high combustion rate.
This is in contrast to e.g. iron stove or fireplace (abundant in Central Europe, US) where the need is to
generate heat for a long time at low power
Domestic sector activity shares for wood fuels, 2005
Boiler,
automatic feed,
wood pellets
1%
Boiler, manual
feed, no
accumulator
5%
Fireplace
1%
Boiler, grate
burning, wood
chips
17%
Boiler, manual
feed,
accumulator
15%
Modern
masonry heater
2%
Masonry
oven
12%
Iron
stove
2%
Kitchen
range
11%
Conventional
masonry heater
17%
Sauna stove
17%
Fig : Tissari et al. 2007. Atm Env 41, 8330-8344
FRES model
Emissions (Gg a-1)
100
90
old
80
new
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
OC emission factors (mg MJ-1 )
100
BC emission factors (mg MJ-1 )
Emission factors (mg MJ-1)
BC and OC emission factors – national characteristics
have to be reflected in emission inventories
90
old
80
new
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Kitchen
range
Conventional Sauna stove
masonry
heater
Masonry
oven
Modern
masonry
heater
Kitchen
range
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
Conventional Sauna stove
masonry
heater
Masonry
oven
Modern
masonry
heater
5
Domestic wood
combustion
Gg BC a-1 4
3
Other sources
3
2
2
1
1
0
Domestic wood
combustion
Gg OC a-1 4
Other sources
0
BC with old emission
factors
BC with current
emission factors
+12% in total BC emissions,
+39% in domestic wood sector BC
OC with old emission
factors
OC with current
emission factors
-19% in total OC emissions,
-44% in domestic wood sector OC
Sensitivity study on the influence of combustion
practices on small scale wood burning emissions
•
•
•
Emissions in domestic sector are influenced by combustion devices, fuel
properties and user practices
Studies indicate drastic increases in PM emissions from wood heaters and
stoves with poor user practices
No exact knowledge of the share of users with bad practices -> sensitivity
study
Three emission profiles were designed for input to the model to study the
effect of common user mistakes in operation of residential heaters
1)
2)
3)
Emissions with best operational practice
of a heater
Emissions with common user mistakes
(not fuel related)
Current emission profile was treated as
average practice (composite of several
devices and measurements)
PM2.5 emission factor (mg MJ-1 )
•
700
(2)
600
500
400
ash
300
200
POM-OC
100
OC
0
BC
mg/MJ
1) and 2) based on Tissari et al. 2008 (Atm Env 42, 7862-7873)
and Frey et al. 2009 (Boreal Env Res. Vol 14, 255-271)
(3)
(1)
Best practice emission profile
mg/MJ
mg/MJ
Common user Current - emission
mistakes profile
emission profile
Sensitivity study on the influence of combustion
practices on small scale wood burning emissions
–
•
–
90% of poor practice switched to best
and average practice
20% of average practice is switched
to best practice
60%
50%
Poor combustion practice
40%
Best practice of the heater
30%
5% of users make common mistakes,
35% burn according to best
operational practice
Emission reductions
-30% in domestic wood BC
-15% in total BC
-47% in domestic wood OC
-30% in total OC
Average practice
20%
10%
0%
Good combustion practice
Poor combustion practice
Assumed effect of an
educational campaign
After the campaign
–
•
50% of users make the common
mistakes, 5% burn according to the
best operational practice of the
heaters
Assumed effect of education
campaign:
–
•
70%
Assumed ‘Poor combustion
practice’ situation:
% of users
•
OC emissions before and after
BC emissions before and after
Gg a-1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Gg a-1
Before
After
Domestic wood combustion
Before
After
Total emissions
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Before
After
Domestic wood combustion
Before
After
Total emissions
Conclusions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Finnish BC emission inventory in good agreement with the GAINS model
Small scale combustion in the domestic sector is a major source of BC (and
OC) and it is projected to become the biggest emitter in the future.
National characteristics of domestic wood combustion (e.g. influence of
stove types and use patterns) should be reflected in BC inventories
Emissions in domestic sector are influenced by combustion devices, fuel
properties and user practices
Common mistakes in user practices can lead to significantly higher PM
emissions than during optimal operation
Share of users making common mistakes in operating their stoves can be
significant
Emission reductions could be reached through non-technical measures, e.g.
informing and educating people. The benefit of such measures is that the
effect could be rather immediate compared to technical measures