Eco Tugs with DF Engines
Ibrahim Behairy
Director Middle East
Ship Power / Wärtsilä UAE
IMOC 2014 Saudi Arabia
Jubail 3-4 Sept. 2014
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Contents
– Introduction.
– Challenges and main Market Drivers.
– Design background.
– Terminal Tug and DF engine type.
– Fuel Selection.
– What is LNG and how safe?
– Conclusion.
– Q & A.
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Saudi Arabia to Go Green...
• KSA Strategic Geographical Location in the M.E:
• Central Trade Hub with modern ports.
• Strong National Fleet. ( Off Shore + Merchant).
• Oil & Gas in KSA:
• 2nd Largest Country in Oil production.
• 6th Largest Country in Natural Gas Reserve.
• This supports the trend of using LNG as new source of power.
• (Availability+Price+Environment)
08 April 2015
Factor trends: Environment
LOCAL
NOx
LOCAL
Acid rains
Tier II (2011)
Tier III (2016)
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Acid rains
Sulphur content in fuel
GLOBAL
LOCAL
Particulate
matter
SOx
Direct impact on humans
Locally regulated
2sDF Engine
CO2
Greenhouse effect
Under evaluation by IMO
Development drivers for tug boats
• Environment
– Emission reduction
• NOX emissions
• SOX emissions
– GHG “climate change” and
human health
• CO2
• Particles
• Fuel cost
– Increasing oil prices
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Design target
“Develop a machinery system producing the
lowest possible emissions, whilst supporting
the highest possible functionality for tug
operations”
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Terminal Tug Concept
Concept:
– Terminal tug
– LNG as primary fuel
– Main machinery
• Electric propulsion
• 2 x dual fuel generating sets
– Azimuthing stern drive (ASD)
Main particulars
– Length, overall
– Length, waterline
– Beam
– Bollard pull
– Installed power
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35,6
32
13,8
100
6300
m
m
m
tonnes
kW
Considerations for fuel selection
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Emissions potential
Quality standard
Cost
Safety
Availability
Storage
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What is Natural Gas?
– Natural gas is mostly methane (CH4)
– Methane contains the highest amount of hydrogen per unit of energy
of any fossil fuel
• Carbon to hydrogen ratio 1 / 4 (gasoline: 1 / 2,25)
• Lower CO2 emissions
H
– Natural gas is:
•
•
•
•
Non-toxic
Colourless
Odourless
Lighter than air
C
H
H
H
Methane (CH4)
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Ethane (C2H6)
Why bunker has to be in liquid form (LNG)
600
Fuel relative volume, energy content equal
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
NG 1 bar
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LNG 10bar
CNG 200bar
LNG tank – space demand
Storage volume (Relative to MDO above double bottom)
3,5
3,0
Relative Volume
2,5
Tank room
2,0
Tank
1,5
1,0
Fuel
0,5
0,0
DIESEL
LNG (10 bar)
Energy content equal
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DF Engines - Operating modes
Gas mode:
Ex.
 Otto principle
 Low-pressure gas admission
 Pilot diesel injection
In. Ex.
*
* **
* ** *
* **** *
*
Intake of
air and gas
Ex.
In. Ex.
In. Ex.
In. Ex.
In.
*** ****
*
Compression of
air and gas
In.
Ignition by
pilot diesel fuel
Diesel mode:
 Diesel principle
 Diesel injection
Intake of
air
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Compression of
air
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Injection of
diesel fuel
Otto or Diesel cycles: effects on NOX
Big temperature
difference
 NOx formation!
1858-1913
1831-1891
Diesel, max flame temp.
Otto,
8 April 2015
2sDF Engine / May 2013
max flame temp.
DF Engines - Emissions
Dual-Fuel engine
in gas mode
-25%
Emission
values [%]
IMO Tier III compliant
100
90
80
70
SOx compliant
60
-85%
50
40
CO2
EPA compliant
30
-99%
NOx
20
SOx
Particulates
08 April 2015
10
-99%
Diesel
engine
0
Cleaner Exhaust Emissions
• 25-30% lower CO2
– Thanks to low carbon to hydrogen ratio
of fuel
• 85% lower NOX
– Lean burn concept (high air-fuel ratio)
• No SOX emissions
– Sulphur is removed from fuel when
liquefied
• Very low particulate emissions
• No visible smoke
• No sludge deposits
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What about Methane slip and THC?
• Total un-burnt Hydrocarbons (THC) is
currently not regulated by IMO
• THC are part of exhaust gases, where
Methane (CH4) is one part of THC
• 60-90% of THC is consisting of Methane,
depending on the gas quality
• Methane is 25 times more harmful than
CO2 and listed as a greenhouse gas (GHG)
08 April 2015
Total Greenhouse Gases
100%
Approx ~20% reduction*
CH4 as CO2
equivalent
when
CH4
as CO2
CH4 part of THC
equvialent
max
is max 90%
CH4 as CO2
equivalent
when
CH4
as CO2
CH4 part ofmin
THC
eqvialent
is max 60%
50%
CO2
CO2
0%
HFO
MDO
DF
Based on the ISO defined operating profile
CH4 in THC is 60-90% depending on gas composition
* Based on 32 / 34 bore comparison
08 April 2015
Design focus - expanded
• Lowest emissions
– Fuel selection
– Engine technology
• Highest functionality
– Thrust response
– Required bollard pull
DF Engine
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Gas burning technologies
08 April 2015
GAS-DIESEL
(GD)
1987
DUALFUEL (DF)
1992
SPARK-IGNITION
GAS (SG)
1995
Wärtsilä Dual-fuel engine characteristics
– High efficiency
– Low gas pressure
– Low emissions, due to:
• High efficiency
• Clean fuel
• Lean burn combustion
– Fuel flexibility
• Gas mode
• Diesel mode
– Two engine models
• Wärtsilä 34DF
• Wärtsilä 50DF
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Wärtsilä 6L50DF
Technical data W34 (DF) Engine
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Engine speed
rpm
720
750
Bore
mm
340
340
Stroke
mm
400
400
Mean piston speed
m/s
9.6
10
Mean eff. pressure
bar
20
19.8
Max output/ cyl.
kW
435
450
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LNG Pac for DF Engine
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Leading into the Gas age
complete system supply
1
1. Fueling Station
6
4
2
L
2. Gas Storage
3. Evaporators
L
4. Gas valve unit enclosure
5. Dual-Fuel Main engine
6. Dual-Fuel Aux engines
7. Integrated control system
5
3
LNG tank
• Cylindrical pressure vessel
– C-type acc. to ICG code
• Vacuum insulated
• Approved for passenger vessels
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LNG storage location
Gas storage below deck
LNG tank
Min. B/15 or 2 m (the lesser)
Never less than 760 mm
Min. B/5 or 11,5 m (the lesser)
LNG tank
Never less than 760 mm
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Glycol-water skid
The glycol-water (GW) skid extracts heat from the engine LT-water circuit for evaporating and heating of the LNG
• A mixture of glycol and water is used as heating media and supplied to the evaporator skid
• The GW skid shall preferably be installed in the engine room
Flange connections
• GW to/from evaporator skid
• LT- water in & out
Equipment
• Redundant GW pumps
• GW/LT heat exchangers
• Process valves
• Instrumentation
2
2013
Wärtsilä LNGPac™
Gas Valve Unit in enclosure benefits
Main features
• Can be located in the same
engine room, dedicated
compartment not needed
• Compact design and easy
installation (plug-and-play
concept)
• Integrated ventilation system
when combined with LNGPac
• Lower total investment cost
compared to existing GVU
• Optimal for retrofit installation,
due to compact size
Bunkering
– LNG Terminal
– Tanker truck
– Tanker ship / barge
– Land based storage tank
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Suorce:www.knutsenoas.com
Operational modes
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LNG fuelled terminal tug
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Engine characteristics - Operating mode changes (3/3)
Speed
Load
Transfer from gas mode
to diesel mode
at 100% load
Receiver pressure
Gas pressure
Test result 18V50DF
Pilot fuel pressure
Diesel actuator
Transfer from diesel mode
to gas mode
Speed
at 80% load
Gas pressure
Load
Receiver pressure
Pilot fuel pressure
Diesel actuator
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Test result 18V50DF
Fuel prices
USD/ton
EUR/ton
USD/MBtu
MDO
980
----
----
MGO
Abt.1000
----
-----
LNG
465
----
------
Source: www.bunkerworld.com (Rotterdam February 2008), LNG price estimated
1 EUR = 1.47 USD
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LNG Properties (Is it Safe.!)
08 April 2015
Conclusions
• LNG for low emissions
100
90
• DF Engines for lower fuel consumption, and
emissions
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
00:00 00:20 00:40 01:00 01:20 01:40 02:00 02:20 02:40 03:00 03:20 03:40 04:00
• Electronics instantaneous load response
• Dual Fuel flexibility
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Thank You..!
Wärtsilä
Leading Gas Applications in Off Shore Market
e-mail: Ibrahim.behairy@wartsila.com
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