World History | Chapter 25 Renaissance Reformation Age of Exploration Scientific Revolution Enlightenment The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries. Britain has natural resources — coal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Britain has all needed factors of production — land, labor, capital Geography 1. What one generalization can be made about virtually all of the major industrial areas in Great Britain in 1850? Geography 2. Which is the only industrial area that is not in a coal producing region? Geography 3. What was the major industrial activity around Durham in north England? Charles Dickens Industrial Revolution — greatly increases output of machine-made goods Enclosures — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Factories pay more than farms Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers ▪ Crop rotation — switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil What were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain? 1. Large population of workers 2. Extensive Natural Resources 3. Expanding Economy 4. Political Stability GETS THE JUMP ON COMPETITION + FORCED TO UNDERGO “TRIAL AND ERROR” ON MACHINES – SLOWLY BUILDS FROM ‘BOTTOM UP’ + ENCOUNTERS ‘MASSIVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS” CONTINENT DOESN’T – CONTROLS “INDUSTRIAL ‘PSYCHIC’ CLIMATE ” + Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine first steamboat first railroad line Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums Life span in one large city is only 17 years Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers Many coal miners killed by coal dust Child labor Benefits Problems U.S. has natural and labor, resources needed to industrialize non-industrialized countries fall further behind European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources rise of global inequality Europe and U.S. gain economic power African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts Laissez faire — Economic idea of government NOT interfering or regulating businesses Adam Smith — laissez faire defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations Believed in “natural laws of economics”: an invisible hand would guide the economy Adam Smith Economic liberty guarantees economic progress Smith’s 3 economic natural laws — 1) self-interest 2)competition 3) supply and demand Capitalism: system of privately owned businesses seeking profits Socialism: factors of production owned by, operated for the people UTILITARIANISM •POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY in late 1700’S by JEREMY BENTHAM •GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE POLICIES THAT PROMOTE GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE •JS MILL FURTHERED UTILITARIANISM •UNREGULATED CAPITALISM IS WRONG •Womens’ rights; agric. co-ops; equal division of profits; legal, prison, educational Karl Marx Communist Manifesto 1848 • believe society is divided into warring classes • Capitalism helps “haves” (employers) • Hurts “have-nots,” (workers) •BOURGEOISIE = MIDDLE CLASS •PROLETARIAT = WORKERS KARL MARX •Predicted workers would overthrow the capitalists in a revolution •Only proletariat would exist and rule •Eventually the State will wither away “Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!” “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” The Communist Manifesto did NOT influence the Revolutions of 1848 Karl Marx Communism — society where people own, share the means of production Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba Marx’s version of communism was NOT a dictatorship. Has never really been tried. Unions Children • (think back to guilds) goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions • U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904 Slavery • In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire Women • Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848 UNIONS •8-HOUR WORK DAY •1 ½ PAY FOR OVER 40 HOURS •VACATIONS •HEALTH BENEFITS •PENSIONS •SAFER CONDITIONS •NO CHILD LABOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: UNIONS REPRESENTED ALL WORKERS ALL AT ONCE (PAY, WORKING CONDITIONS) STRIKES: IF DEMANDS NOT MET, WORKERS WOULDN’T WORK UNIONS REFORMS HARD FOUGHT TO GET OCCURRED OVER LONG TIME PERIOD ENTERED INTO LAWS WHICH HELPED SOCIETY UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE: RIGHT TO VOTE FOR ALL PEOPLE (ORIGINALLY ONLY LAND-OWNING MEN) CHARTIST MOVEMENT: GIVE WORKERS RIGHT TO VOTE UNIONS JANE ADDAMS AND HULL HOUSE MOTHER JONES AS TIME PASSED OTHER REFORMS OCCURRED HELPED ON BY UNION ACTIVITY: END OF SLAVERY WOMEN’S RIGHTS PUBLIC EDUCATION PRISON REFORM