Answer the following questions (Be prepared to share
your brilliant conclusions with the class)
 Who should produce goods and services and where
should this occur?
 Does technological change always benefit society?
Explain.
*Industrial Revolution: Increased output
of machine-made goods.
-Began in England in mid-1700s.
*New Agricultural Techniques
-Enclosures: Large farm fields
enclosed by fences or hedges
-Two important results:
1). New agricultural
methods (Crop rotation)
2). Large landowners force
small famers to become tenants or
abandon farming and move to city
*Why did industrialization begin in Great Britain?
1). Large population
2). Natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbor
3). Expanding economy
-Investment, banking, loans, overseas trade,
climate of progress
4). Britain had all factors of production: land, labor,
capital
5). Legal protection of property
*Textile Industry
-Shift from cottage industry to factory production
-Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and
spinning jennies
-Water frame uses water power to drive spinning
wheels
Spinning Jenny
Flying Shuttle
*Steam
-Need for cheap,
convenient power
-James Watt improves
steam engine; received
funding
-Entrepreneur:
organizes, manages, takes
business risks
*Water Transportation
-Robert Fulton builds first
steamboat(1807)
-England’s water transport
improved by canals
*Road Transportation
-British roads are
improved; operated as toll roads
*Railway Age
-First steam-driven
locomotive (1804)
The “Rocket” (1829)
1). Railroads spur economic growth (Cheap
transportation)
2). Creates new jobs (Railroad workers and miners)
3). Boosted agricultural and fishing industries (Transport
over long distance)
4). Travel made easier (Demographic shifts: To cities and
from cities to countryside)
 Why do people move?
 How might industrialization have affected
demographic patterns (migration, population, and
urbanization) globally?
*Shift to urban areas
-Period of urbanization (City
building and movement of people to
cities)
-Factories develop in clusters
(Near natural resources)
-Rapid growth led to problems
1). No sanitary or
building codes
2). Lack adequate
housing, police protection,
education
3). Deadly disease
epidemics (Cholera)
*Working Conditions
-Owners wanted to maximize profit
-Long hours
-Dangerous conditions in
factories.
-Prone to injury or
illness
-Women and children
-Cheapest source of
labor
-Led to decreased life span and
growing social tension
*Class Tension
-Landowners/Aristocracy (Traditional holders of
social and political power)
-Growing middle class(Skilled workers,
professionals, businessmen, and wealthy farmers)
-Social distinctions divide at first
-Late 1800s considered social equals
-Upper middle: Doctors, lawyers, managers
-Lower middle: Factory overseers and skilled workers
-Comfortable standard of living
*Working Class
-Laborers
-Saw little change in
status from 1800-1850
-Often resentful of
efficient machines that
replaced their labor
-Luddites
-Workers that attacked
labor-saving machines throughout
1800s
*Corporations and stocks
-Entrepreneurs sell shares of stock (Certain rights
of company ownership)
-People who buy stock become partial owners in
corporation (Business owned by stockholders, but aren’t
personally responsible for debts)
*Spread of Industrialization
-Adopt model from Britain
-Belgium and Germany led way
*Rise of global inequality
-Widen gap between wealthy and poor
-Need raw materials from less developed regions
-Europe gained tremendous economic power
-Asia and Africa remain agriculture and
small handicrafts
*Social
-Population, wealth, and health eventually rise
drastically
-Women spend more time away from home
*Political
-Greater democratic participation/reform
*Laissez-Faire Economics
-Laissez Faire: Business and industry
set conditions without government
regulation
*Adam Smith
-The Wealth of Nations (1776)
-Advocated free-market economy
(Little to no gov’t interference)
- “Invisible hand”
-Three natural laws of economics
(Self-interest, competition, and supply and
demand)
*Capitalism-Economic system
1) Factors of production are privately owned
2) Money is invested to make a profit
*Thomas Malthus
-Population increases more rapidly than food supply
-Without wars or epidemics, most destined to be
poor
*David Ricardo
-Wages should be forced down as population
increases
*Socialism-Economic system
-Grew out of view of progress
and concern for social justice
1). Factors of production owned
by the public and operate for good of
all
2). Gov’t should plan economy
*Utilitarianism
-Jeremy Bentham and John
Stuart Mill
-Gov’t should try to promote
greatest good for greatest number of
people
*Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
-The Communist Manifesto (1848)
-Society always divided along class lines
-Middle class (“haves”): Bourgeoisie
-Workers (“have-nots”): Proletariat
-Marx believed capitalism would self-destruct and
workers would overthrow employers in a violent revolution
-Workers will form a “dictatorship of proletariat”
-State withers away as classless society develops
-Final stage: Communism-Means of production
owned by people and private property cease to exist
Capitalism
Socialism
Individuals and businesses own property
and means of production
Community or the state own property and
means of production
Progress results when individuals follow
own self-interest
Progress results when a community of
producers cooperate for good of all
Businesses compete for consumer’s money. Capitalists take advantage of workers so
(Try to produce better and less expensive
the community or state must protect
goods/services)
workers
Consumers compete in marketplace;
competition shapes what businesses sell
Capitalism creates unequal distribution of
wealth
Government should NOT interfere in
economy
A better system is to distribute goods
according to each person’s need.
Think-Pair-Share: By yourself, please answer these
questions in your notebooks. When indicated, please pair
up with a neighbor to discuss, and be prepared to share
those answers with the class.
*What benefits and problems arise from changes in
technology in the following areas:
-Social
-Political
-Economic
*What does “progress” mean?
*New discoveries
-Gasoline and electricity power machines
*New inventions
-Telephone, radio capable of sending Morse Code
*Transportation
-Automobile industry
-Assembly line: Cars produced with standardized,
interchangeable parts
-Workers have single responsibility
-Aircraft industry
* Germ Theory
-Louis Pasteur
-Discovered bacteria and develops
pasteurization
-Develop vaccine for rabies
-Joseph Lister
-Orders surgical wards kept spotless
-Wounds washed with antiseptic
-Work foundation for antibiotics
*Effects
-Longer life expectancy
*Theory of Evolution
-Charles Darwin: Challenge idea of “special creation”
-1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection
-Theory of Evolution: Species adapt and change
through natural selection
-Changed into Social Darwinism (Justify imperialism)
*Periodic Table & Radioactivity
-1869: Dmitri Mendeleev organizes all known
elements
-1898: Marie and Pierre Curie discovery radioactivity
and win Nobel prize in 1903
*Feminism
-Sought legal and economic gains
for women
-Supported by middle class
women
-Actively seek suffrage
-Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928)
-Women’s Social and
Political Union
-Radical means to attain
suffrage
*Social Sciences
-Empirical data about human
society and behavior
-Psychology: Study of the
human mind and behavior
-Ivan Pavlov: Human
actions unconscious; changed by
training
-Sigmund Freud:
Therapy could modify behavior
*Challenged Enlightenment notion
that reason was supreme*
*Mass culture
-Wealthy have time to enjoy new cultural pursuits
-Mass culture: Appeal of art, writing, music, and
other forms of entertainment to larger audience
*Causes
-Improvement in communication
-Inventions
-Shorter workday and workweek
*Music & Movies
-Music halls and Vaudeville
-Black and white film
Bela Lugosi as Dracula
*Sports
-Spectator sports now entertainment
-Soccer, Baseball, and Football
-Based on traditional games, but organized by
rules and umpires
-Taught virtues for industrial world
-Olympic games reintroduced in 1896
*Represents growing secularism
Elizabeth
Matt
Courtney
Makenzie
Jake
Jaimini
Noah
Caitlyn
Colton
Asha
Sania
Austin
Sean
Joelle
Bhumi
Delaney
Greg
Marc
Carley
Micah