of fossilization

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The Fossilization Flow Chart
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
MOST OF THESE ARE NOT MUTUALLY
EXCLUSIVE IN A GIVENCarbonization
SPECIMEN!!
Permineralization
Recrystallization
Replacement
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Trace Fossils
(AKA “Ichnofossils”)
EVIDENCE OF AN ORGANISMS ACTIVITIES
(tracks, borings, burrows, coprolites)
Tracks (locomotion)
Burrows (domocile)
Borings
(domocile
or feeding)
Coprolite (digestion)
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Body Fossils
The actual remains of ancient organisms (as opposed to traces of life)
Bones
Teeth
Wood/plants
Shells
Exoskeleton
Any part of a body from an animal
older than 10,000 years old!
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Altered Remains
Body fossils that have been changed in some way
after the organism died. Many fossils are formed
this way.
Molds and casts
Permineralization
Pyritization
Carbonization
Recrystallization
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Permineralization
A common form of fossilization where the pore spaces of a
skeletal element (bones, teeth, shells, etc.) are filled in
by minerals that have precipitated from groundwater.
Some original material from the original element remains.
Many fossil bones
and teeth have been
at least partially
permineralized
Pore spaces filled in with a mineral
(usually quartz or calcite)
Petrified wood is another
good example, though
replacement and
recrystallization can also
be factors in fossil wood
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Replacement
The slow, microscopic process of exchanging molecules
from the original bone or skeletal element with
molecules that were not associated with the organism
before death. This means that no original material is left
in the fossil unlike in permineralization.
A type of replacement called
pyritization where all of the original
material is replaced by “fool’s gold”
or pyrite
This type of replacement,
silicification, has replaced the
original calcium carbonate shell
with a mineral called quartz
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Molds and Casts
In this type of fossilization, the original fossil creates
an impression on the surrounding rock creating a
mold.
A cast would be created if the space where the
original shell was then filled in with new sediment.
If sediment was to fill in the external mold
on the left, then a cast would be formed. So
it would look similar to the half of the actual
shell, but be made of sediment.
External Mold------ Shell------ Internal Mold
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Carbonization
This mode of preservation occurs when heat and
pressure chemically transform “volatile
compounds” (such as nitrogen, hydrogen, and
oxygen found in protein) and leave a carbon film.
Carbonized bee
Carbonized eurypterid
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Recrystallization
In this process, unstable minerals from the original
organism are transformed to more stable minerals.
This most commonly occurs in animals with shells
made of minerals called aragonite or highmagnesium calcite (like sea urchins!) that is highly
unstable and transforms into more stable calcite.
The original shell material from this
gastropod has been changed to a
more stable form of calcium
carbonate
This one is visibly harder to observe
but the coral has transformed from
aragonite to more stable calcite
FOSSIL!
Trace Fossils
Body Fossils
Unaltered Remains
Encasement
•Amber
•Tar
Mummification
Freezing
Altered Remains
Some Original Material
Original Material Changed
No Original Material
Permineralization
Replacement
Carbonization
Molds and Casts
Pyritization
Silicification
Tracks
Borings
Burrows
Coprolite
Recrystallization
Unaltered Remains
Body fossils in which the original material hasn’t
been changed or replaced by another substance
Encasement in amber
Encasement in tar
Freezing
Usually only very young coral and
shells are found unaltered
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