An Integration of Indigenous Dayak Peoples-based Sustainable Forest Management for Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation- plus (REDD+)
in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
Febrina Natalia
CENSUS (Centre of Sustainability Science), Faculty of Environmental Science Development, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
Abstract
Introduction
Climate change is a big issue which has been driving people`s
attention. There have been many international conventions and
agreements tackle about this issue until the newly project namely
“Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation-plus”
(REDD+) becomes widely spoken among people around the world.
This project aims to reduce deforestation and forest degradation,
increase carbon stock, preserve biodiversity and enhance sustainable
forest management. Under Letter of Intent (LoI) between the
Kingdom of Norway and the Republic of Indonesia in 2010,
government of Indonesia committed to implement REDD+ project. As
the result, Central Kalimantan Province was appointed as the first
pilot province for REDD+ implementation.
Comprehending the large forest cover in Central Kalimantan
province, Indonesia government has to put its attention not only on
forest itself but also on the indigenous Dayak peoples who depend
their lives on forest. They are those who are vulnerable of the
project`s impacts. Despite a long history of confrontation between
forest agencies and forest people, “indigenous” practices are
increasingly considered as a viable alternative of forest management.
Therefore, this research looks at local practices and underlying forest
science, including their social and economic values.
Society
Forest
Economy
Environment
Figure 1. Global Anthropogenic GHG Emissions.
Source: IPCC, 2007, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, p. 36
Figure 3. The Socio-Ecological Framework
1. Environmental Analysis
N
o.
Figure 4. Map of Indonesia
2. Katingan District,
Central Kalimantan
ProvinceProvince
2. Production Forest
462.888,07
3. Limited Production Forest
364.202,23
Converted Production
394.882,25
Forest
- Sebangau
348.170,00
- Bukit Raya
110.590,00
Document
Analysis
1. Dominant type of soil
on the site in Pulang
Pisau District is
organosol (peat soil).
17.709,17
Fig. 7. Total Forest Area in Katingan District
1. Dominant types of soils
on the site in Katingan
District are organosol and
alluvial (river silt).
Consultation with
indigenous Dayak
peoples (field visit,
questionnaire,
interview)
Fig. 5. Map of Central Kalimantan
1. Ex. Mega Rice Project,
Pulang Pisau District,
Central Kalimantan Province
51 .617,71
6. Irrigation
Methods
1
Area (Ha)
5. National Park
Fig. 6. Total Forest Area in Pulang Pisau District
Document
Analysis
(Proposing a
design of forest
management for
REDD+)
Types of Forest
1. Protected Forest
4.
Methodology
Central Kalimantan
Province
This study aims to propose an integrated
design of forest management based on
indigenous Dayak peoples’ knowledge
and
forest
science
for
the
implementation of REDD+ project in
Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
to contribute the benefits for local
people through sustainable forest
management.
Preliminary Analysis
The history of climate change regime started in 1980 at UNFCC
(UN Framework Convention on Climate Change). In 1988,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was established and
in 1997, Kyoto Protocol was issued. Then until 2007 at Bali Action
Plan, Kyoto Protocol was committed. The climate change issue
discussion was continued in 2009 at Copenhagen Accord and
resulted with Copenhagen Agreement in 2010. Gradually, from
those conventions, the scheme of REDD+ project came up and
became an international topic. In 2010, the Kingdom of Norway
and the Republic of Indonesia signed the Letter of Intent which
stated the intent of Norway to financially support Indonesia in
reducing emissions. Then after that Letter of Intent (LoI),
president of the Republic of Indonesia appointed Central
Kalimantan Province to be the first pilot province for the
implementation of REDD+ in Indonesia, moreover in the world.
Key Words: Climate Change, REDD+, Indigenous
Dayak Peoples, Sustainability, Low-Carbon Society,
Vulnerability, Indigenous Forest Management,
Safeguards
Study Sites
Objective
Background
2
Field Visit
Fig. 8. Organosol Soil (peat soil)
Fig. 8. Organosol Soil (peat soil)
Analysis (Integrating
feedback from
consultation)
3
Consultation II
4
5
Questionnaire
Interview
Analysis and
Conclusion
10days
 An economic analysis is in a sense merely an extension of the financial
analysis concept, where the entity from whose point of view the analysis is
being carried out now becomes society as an undifferentiated whole rather
than a specific entity (or entities) within the society.
 This study will initially come up with financial analysis which includes input
(costs) and output (benefits) analysis then followed by economic analysis.
 This preliminary analysis compares the output of financial benefit between 2
(two) potential tree species, namely Jelutung rawa (Dyera lowii) and Rubber
(Havea brasiliensis) in a hectare of land.
Example of financial analysis on output:
Tree Species
30days
60days
Fig. 9. Alluvial soil
2. Potential types of trees
can be planted are
rubber (Havea
brasiliensis), Ulin
(Eusideroxylon zwageri),
and rattan (Calamus spp)
3. Social Analysis
2. Economic Analysis
Types of
Soils
2. Potential types of trees
can be planted are
Belangeran (Shorea
belangeran), Sungkai
(Peronema canescens),
Pulai (Alstonia sp.),
Ramin (Gonystilus
bancanus), and
Jelutung (Dyera Lowii).
Productive
Age
Production
period
Latex Price
from Source
(per kg)
Appropriate
trees per hectare
(if land is fully
cleared)
Latex
Log
Production production
per month per tree
(kg)
Organosol Jelutung rawa
(peat soil) (Dyera lowii)
10 years
70 years
Rp 3.500
(± 35 Yen)
400
1200
Organosol Rubber
(peat soil) (Havea
brasiliensis)
5-6 years
25 years
Rp 11.000
(±111 Yen)
550
150
2,3 m³






Dayak’s Local Knowledge in Land and Forest Management
The indigenous inhabitants of Central Kalimantan is Dayak.
Philosophy of Batang Garing emphasizes that human beings as the
caretakers of nature NOT as sovereign of nature.
Philosophy of Huma Betang is also a Dayak’s philosophy which states that
“society” refers to peoples, nature, and intangible occupants (intangible
spirits).
Nature is a Huma (home) for Indigenous Dayak peoples.
Before opening land for use, Dayak peoples must conduct a ritual namely
Manyanggar; praying to God, offering, and asking permits from other spirits
inside the forest.
Since long time ago, indigenous Dayak peoples have been running
indigenous conservations namely Pahewan (untouched forest protected by
intangible spirits), Tahajan Antang (forest for religious ritual; praying to God),
Kaleka (ex. settlement which cannot be used; for honoring ancestors),
Karamat (forest for religious ritual; for praying to God), and Tanah Rutas (the
land cannot be used before Tiwah conducted).
-
 Calculating the above financial analysis on output, the cultivation of Jelutung
rawa (Dyera lowii) is more financially beneficial because its production per
month compared to Rubber (Havea brasiliensis) is higher. Apart from that,
Jelutung rawa (Dyera lowii) also produces logs at the end of its latex
production period.
 Yet, local people prefer to plant Rubber (Havea brasiliensis) rather than
Jelutung rawa (Dyera lowii) because the productive age of Rubber (Havea
brasiliensis) is shorter than that of Jelutung rawa (Dyera lowii), so they can
get the financial benefit in a short time.
Preliminary Conclusions
1. The dominant soil types in both Katingan District and Pulang Pisau District are
organosol (peat soil) and alluvial (river silt).
2. The potential tree species planted by local people are Belangeran (Shorea
belangeran), Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Pulai (Alstonia sp.), Ramin (Gonystilus
bancanus), Jelutung (Dyera Lowii), (Havea brasiliensis), Ulin (Eusideroxylon
zwageri), and rattan (Calamus spp). Yet, they prefer to plant the tree species which
have shorter productive ages so they can harvest in a short time.
3. In all their activities related to land and forest management, indigenous Dayak
peoples always maintain their traditions and cultures.