J Boone Kauffman and Daniel Murdiyarso

Topic C1. Slide 2 of 21
Why it is important to act now?
Intact/Restored ecosystems:
 are more buffered (resistant) to collapse or decline with a changing climate or other stresses;
 have a higher degree of resilience – the capacity to recover following stress or disturbance;
 will provide more ecosystem services – e.g. biodiversity, water quality, aesthetics and carbon storage;
 may be of value and interest for carbon financing for climate change mitigation

Topic C1. Slide 3 of 21
Carbon sequestration is an ecosystem service that has not received value until recently
Net primary productivity (NPP) - The net amount of fixed C in organic matter by photosynthesis after the needs of the plant have been met. GPP- Respiration = NPP
About 95% of CO
2 emissions would occur if humans did not exist on Earth natural decay of plant materials is about 220 billion tonnes of CO year.
2 each

Topic C1. Slide 4 of 21
are ecosystems that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of forest vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions (e.g. mangroves, freshwater swamps, floodplain forests).

Topic C1. Slide 5 of 21
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Examples of ecosystem C stocks of tropical forests
Aboveground
Belowground
Donato et al. 2011, Kauffman et al. In press, Kauffman et al 2003.

Topic C1. Slide 6 of 21
1200
1000 Mg/ha
1000
800
400 Mg/ha
600
400
200
0 Dry Moist Wet Rainforest Mangrove
Kauffman et al. (In press).
Above ground
Soil 0-1 0cm
Soil 10-20cm
Soil 20-30cm
Soil 30-50cm
Soil 50-100cm

Topic C1. Slide 7 of 21
Kauffman et al. (2014) Ecological Applications

Topic C1. Slide 8 of 21
We need to determine the pathways and processes of emissions

Topic C1. Slide 9 of 21
Upstream disruptions
Road development/ hydrological disruptions
Rice/Agriculture
Aquaculture
Coastal development

Topic C1. Slide 10 of 21
Currently, the impacts of land use/land cover change are impacting biodiversity to a much greater extent than global climate change

Topic C1. Slide 11 of 21
Global area (km 2 ) Global loss References Annual rate of ecosystem loss
(%)/year
Mangroves
137,760-152-361
20% (since 1980s)
30–50% (since 1940s)
0.7–3% Valiela et al. (2001);
Alongi (2002); FAO (2007);
Spalding et al. (2010)
Sea grass
177,000–600,000
50% (since 1990s) ~7%
Salt marshes
20,000–400,000
Salt marshes 25%
(since 1800s)
1–2%
Costanza et al. (1997);
Duarte et al.
(2005); Waycott et al.
(2009)
Bridgham et al. (2006);
Duarte et al. (2008)
Adapted from Mcleod et al. ( 2011)
Area of the worlds forests = 39 million km (Pan et al. 2011)

Topic C1. Slide 12 of 21
• Gain-loss method
• Stock difference method

Topic C1. Slide 13 of 21
ΔC =
(C t2
– C t1
)
(t
2
– t
1
)
ΔC = annual carbon stock change in the pool
C t1
= carbon stock in the pool at time t
1
C t2
= carbon stock in the pool at time t
2
C stock at time 1
C stock at time 2

Topic C1. Slide 14 of 21
Donato et al. 2012; Hughes et al. 2000; Kauffman et al. 2013; Pendleton et al.
2013; Kauffman et al. In press.

Topic C1. Slide 15 of 21
ΔC = ΔC
G
– ΔC
L
ΔC = annual carbon stock change in the pool
ΔC
G
= annual gain of carbon, tonnes
ΔC
L
= annual loss of carbon, tonnes
Disturbance C stock Harvest

Topic C1. Slide 16 of 21
Peat net annual balance of GHG in the primary forest and oil palm plantations from tropical peatlands of
Tanjung Puting
Land-use system
Forest
CO
2
15.37
± 1.
1
14.53
± 0.
8
CH
5.34
±
4
1.0
0.13
N
2
±
O
0.09
GHG total
20.84 ±
0.5
16.18 ±
0.3
OP 0.15
± 0.2
1.5
± 0.2
Contribution (%) of CO2, CH4 and N2O to total GHG emissions from primary forest and oil palm plantations in Tanjung Putting (from Novita PhD thesis
2015).

Topic C1. Slide 17 of 21
In addition to C stocks, there exists unique biodiversity values in tropical wetlands

Topic C1. Slide 18 of 21
Partial listing of co-benefits or ecosystem services that would be derived from forests managed under a REDD+ strategy
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE/CO-BENEFIT
Poverty alleviation
Enhanced biodiversity
Tropical storm protection (cyclones)
Water quality
Water quantity
Timing of stream flow
Fisheries habitat protection/enhancement
Non-timber forest products
Ecotourism
Aesthetics
Enhancement of resilience/ adaptation to climate change
FOREST TYPE
All
All
Mangroves, marshes
All
Upland forest
Upland forests
All, particularly mangroves, riparian zones marshes
All
All
All
All

Topic C1. Slide 19 of 21
• Conservation of biodiversity
• Coastal zone protection
• Fisheries
• Loss of livelihoods and culture
• Erosion
• Degradation of adjacent communities (sea grass and coral reefs)
• Carbon emissions/loss of C sinks
• Loss of other ecosystem services.

Topic C1. Slide 20 of 21
Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, and Kanninen M. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geosciences 4:293–297. doi: 10.1038/NGEO1123.
Howard J, Hoyt, S, Isensee K, Telszewski M, Pidgeon E (eds.). 2014. Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for
assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes,and seagrasses.
Arlington, Virginia, USA: Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of
UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature.
[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2003. Good practice guidance for land use, land-use
change, and forestry. Penman J, Gytarsky M, Hiraishi T, Krug Thelma, Kruger D, Pipatti R, Buendia L,
Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K, et al, eds. Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Kauffman JB and Donato DC. 2012. Protocols for the Measurement, Monitoring, & Reporting of Structure,
Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Forests. Working Paper 86. Bogor: Center for International
Forest Research.
Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J, Payton F. 2014. Carbon Stocks of intact mangroves and carbon emissions arising from their conversion in the Dominican Republic. Ecological Applications 24:518–527.
Pendleton L, Donato DC, Crooks S, Murray BC, Jenkins WJ, Sifleet S, Baldera A, Craft C, Fourqurean JW,
Kauffman JB, et al. 2012. Estimating global ‘‘blue carbon’’ emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE 7(9): e43542.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043542
[ UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme. 2014. The Importance of Mangroves to People: A Call to
Action. van Bochove J, Sullivan E, Nakamura T, eds. Cambridge: United Nations Environment
Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge.

The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the
Oregon State University with support from USAID.
How to cite this file
Kauffman JB and Murdiyarso D. 2015. Reducing emissions and enhancing removals [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme C section C1. Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>
Photo credit
Boone Kauffman/Oregon State University, Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Nanang Sujana/CIFOR, Rupesh/CIFOR