Essentials of
Understanding Psychology
9th Edition
By Robert Feldman
PowerPoints by Kimberly Foreman
Revised for 9th Ed by Cathleen Hunt
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Chapter 4:
States of Consciousness
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MODULE 12: Sleep and Dreams
• What are the different states of consciousness?
• What happens when we sleep, and what are the
meaning and function of dreams?
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MODULE 12: Sleep and Dreams
• What are the major sleep disorders, and how can
they be treated?
• How much do we daydream?
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MODULE 12: Sleep and Dreams
• Consciousness
– Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we
experience at a given moment
• Waking consciousness
• Altered states of consciousness
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The Stages of Sleep
• Stage 1
– Characterized by rapid, low-amplitude brain waves
• Stage 2
– Slower, more regular wave pattern
– Sleep spindles
• Stage 3
– Higher peaks and lower valleys of waves
• Stage 4
– Slower and more regular, least responsive to outside
stimulation
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REM Sleep:
The Paradox of Sleep
• Rapid Eye Movement
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Back-and-forth movement of one’s eyes
Accompanied by dreams
Muscles appear to be paralyzed
Rebound effect
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Why Do We Sleep, and How Much
Sleep Is Necessary?
• Exact reason for sleep is unknown
• Explanations
– Evolutionary Theory
– Restoration for brain and body
• Monoamines
– Brain growth and development
• Most people sleep between 7-8 hrs per night
– Varies among individuals
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The Function & Meaning of Dreams
• Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory
– Sigmund Freud
• Latent content of dreams
• Manifest content of dreams
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The Function & Meaning of Dreams
• Dreams-for-Survival Theory
– Permit one to reconsider and reprocess during sleep
information that is critical for one’s daily survival
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The Function & Meaning of Dreams
• Activation-Synthesis Theory
– Brain produces random electrical energy during REM
sleep, possibly as a result of changes in the production of
particular neurotransmitters, which in turn stimulates
random memories that are turned into a storyline
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Figure 7 of Module 12
Sleep Disturbances:
Slumbering Problems
• Insomnia
• Sleep Apnea
– Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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•
•
•
Night Terrors
Narcolepsy
Sleep Talking
Sleep Walking
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Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles
• Biological processes that occur regularly on
approximately a twenty-four-hour cycle
– Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
• Controls circadian rhythms
– Seasonal affective disorder
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Daydreams:
Dreams Without Sleep
• Fantasies that people construct while awake
– Typical part of waking consciousness
– Time spent in daydreaming varies from individual to
individual
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Sleeping Better
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•
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•
•
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Exercise during the day
Choose a regular bedtime and stick to it
Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch
Drink a glass of warm milk at bedtime
Avoid sleeping pills
Try not to sleep
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MODULE 13:
Hypnosis and Meditation
• What is hypnosis, and are hypnotized people in a
different state of consciousness?
• What are the effects of meditation?
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Hypnosis:
A Trance-Forming Experience
• Trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the
suggestions of others
– Susceptibility to hypnosis varies greatly
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Hypnosis:
A Trance-Forming Experience
• A Different State of Consciousness?
– Uses
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•
•
•
•
Controlling pain
Reducing smoking
Treating psychological disorders
Assisting in law enforcement
Improving athletic performance
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Meditation:
Regulating Our Own State of Consciousness
• Learned technique for refocusing attention that brings
about an altered state of consciousness
– Repetition of a mantra
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MODULE 14: Drug Use:
The Highs and Lows of Consciousness
• What are the major classifications of drugs, and
what are their effects?
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MODULE 14: Drug Use:
The Highs and Lows of Consciousness
• Psychoactive Drugs
– Influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior
• Addictive Drugs
– Produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user
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Stimulants: Drug Highs
• Drugs whose effect on the central nervous system
causes a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and
muscular tension
– Caffeine
– Nicotine
– Amphetamines
• Methamphetamine
– Cocaine
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Depressants: Drug Lows
• Impedes the nervous system by causing neurons to fire
more slowly
– Alcohol
• Intoxication
• Binge drinking
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Barbiturates
• Form of Depressant
– Prescribed by physicians to induce sleep or reduce stress
• Rohypnol
– “Date rape drug”
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Narcotics:
Relieving Pain and Anxiety
• Morphine
• Heroin
– Methadone
• Synthetic chemical that satisfies a heroin user’s physiological
cravings for the drug without providing the “high” that
accompanies heroin
• Ocycodone (OxyContin)
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Hallucinogens:
Psychedelic Drugs
• Produces hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual
process
– Marijuana
• Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
– MDMA (Ecstasy)
– Lysergic acid diethylamide
• LSD or acid
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