3A/3B MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING
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Contents
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Distinction between stage 2 and stage 3 content
Overview of the role of mental skills
Overview of stage 3 mental skills
Periodisation of mental skills
Tapering
Peaking
Recovery
Overtraining
Burnout
Introduction to Models of Behaviour
Social learning Theory
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Theory of Reasoned Action
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Contents
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Theory of Planned Behaviour
Transtheoretical Model of Change
Exercise Adherence
Introduction to Psychological and Sociocultural Issues and Changes
Transition from Junior to Senior Sport
Transition from Amateur to Professional sport
Transition from Elite Sport to Retirement
Values and Participation in Physical Activity
References
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1. PERIODISATION OF MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING
Annual Training Plan
Phase of
Training
Preparation Phase
Macro
Cycles
General Preparation Specific Preparation
Competition Phase
Pre Competition
Competition
Eval
Transition
Phase
Eval
Transition
Phase
Meso
cycles
Micro
cycles
Periodisation is the division of the year into smaller, easier to manage
blocks of time. Instead of looking at the year as a whole, it is broken
down into phases, macrocycles, mesocycles and microcycles.
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1. PERIODISATION OF MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING
The annual training programme can be
broken down into 4 phases –
preparation, competition, evaluation and
transition. These 4 phases are then
broken down into macrocycles.
Mesocycles are smaller blocks of time
which together form a macrocycle. Each
mesocycle has a specific goal or objective.
Mesocycles are between 4 – 12 weeks long.
A microcycle is a smaller unit of time
normally between 3 – 10 days long Several
microcycles form a mesocycle.
Phase
of
Training
Macro
Cycles
Preparation Phase
General
Preparation
Specific
Preparation
Meso
cycles
Micro
cycles
The Preparation Phase broken down to
show the relationship between
macrocycles, mesocycles and
microcycles
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3. PEAKING FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE
•“Peaking” is the term used to describe a temporary training state which allows
the athlete to perform at their optimal level . Peaking at key times is a result of
a well thought out annual plan.
• Players who have peaked are said to be in the “Ideal Performance State (IPS)” or
in “The Zone” which includes being at their optimal readiness to perform from
a psychological, physiological, technical and tactical perspective.
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EFFECTS OF TRAINING ON PERFORMANCE
Optimal
training load
– peak
performance
Performance
Overtraining –
performance
deteriorates
Under
training –
player not
achieving
optimal
performance
Training Volume
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5. OVERTRAINING
Overtraining occurs when an athlete has been repeatedly stressed by training
to the point where the rest periods between sessions are no longer adequate
for recovery to occur.
Overtraining frequently occurs in athletes who are training for competition
or a specific event and train beyond the body's ability to recover in the time
available. It is an imbalance between work and rest.
Overtraining is also common in young sportsmen / sportswomen who are
training with several teams at once eg school, club, district, state.
Outstanding Geelong footballer,
Nathan Ablett, (pictured left), was
forced to walk away from AFL after he
revealed he was suffering from
“burnout.”
He no longer enjoyed the game.
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
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Michael Phelps was a role model to millions of young swimmers until he got
photographed using drugs.
Discuss;
1. Phelps as a role model before drugs
2. Phelps as a role model after drugs
3. What negative re – enforcements did he get about his behaviour?
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Role models can have a negative influence by;
•Demonstrating poor sportsmanship / cheating
•Being involved in unacceptable off field behaviour – drugs, alcohol etc.
•Being aggressive beyond the scope of the rules of
the game.
•Having no respect for teammates, officials and
opponents
•Exhibit sexist, racist, or other offensive
characteristics.
Marion Jones, pictured right
was stripped of her gold medals
after testing positive to the use
of performance enhancing
drugs.
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
How the senior players / elite players behave can have a positive influence if
they;
•Demonstrate high standards of fair play and sportsmanship
•Maintain a clean image on and off the field
•Respect the game officials, teammates and opponents.
•Accept individual differences within the team
•Have a high work ethic
An observer / junior player who witnesses these behaviours being positively
reinforced is likely to copy them and demonstrate them in the future.
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TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL OF CHANGE
The Transtheoretical Model of
Change is a 5 step cyclical
process that an individual goes
through as part of changing their
behaviour.
Stage 1
Precontemplation
Stage 5
Stage 2
Maintenance
Contemplation
The Transtheoretical Model of Change
Stage 4
Stage 3
Action
Preparation
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TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL OF CHANGE
Stage 5
Maintenance
The stage where the new behavior pattern is sustained for an
extended period of time (more than 6 months) and is now
consolidated into the lifestyle of the individual. This maintenance
period lasts up to 5 years at which point the individual is regarded
as having made a lifetime commitment to regular exercise.
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TRANSTHEORETICAL MODELOF CHANGE
Determining When Change Occurs
• 2 main measures used to gauge when, and the degree to
which, behaviour has changed;
1. Decisional balance
• Initially, the cons (reasons not to change eg too hard, not enough time,
cannot be bothered) are more significant / important than the pros
(benefits of change – eg fitness). As you move through the stages, this
imbalance reverses as change occurs.
C
P
P
C
C
Cons outweigh pros –
no real change occurs.
P
Pros / Cons about equal –
some change occurs.
Pros outweigh cons –
significant change
occurs.
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TRANSITION FROM ELITE SPORT TO RETIREMENT
Many of the skills learnt during the course of their careers are transferable and can
assist in getting them involved in a new career which utilises these skills eg
commentators, umpires, coaching.
Tony Roche won 16 grand slam titles as a player. After retiring from
the game, he remained in the sport as a coach of;
•Lleyton Hewitt
•Roger Federer
•Pat Rafter
Roche has also captained the Australian Davis Cup team.
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Norma Plummer represented Australia as a player
between 1972 – 1981 as a player. In 1996, she
coached the Melbourne Phoenix and subsequent
to that, the AIS in 1999 before taking over the
National team in 2003,
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VALUES AND PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
 Positive Values Learned From
Participation in Sport
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Courage
Sportsmanship
Work Ethic
Respect for team mates,
opponents and officials
Team work
Honesty
Integrity
Putting team before self
Loyalty
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