Unit 8:
Motivation, Emotion and Stress
• What is motivation?
• What are the different types of
individual needs?
• What role does reinforcement play in
motivation?
Module 37:
Motivational Concepts
Drives and Motivations
• Motivation—the forces within the
individual that account for the level,
direction, and persistence of effort
expended at work.
• Reward—a work outcome of positive
value to the individual
• Extrinsic rewards—valued outcomes
given to someone by another person.
• Intrinsic rewards—valued outcomes
that occur naturally as a person works
on a task.
Instincts and Evolutionary
Psychology
• Instinct (fixed pattern)
–Instincts in animals
–Instincts in humans
Drives and Motivations
• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
A Hierarchy of Motives
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Module 38:
Hunger Motivation
What can hunger motivate human
to do?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6DoIzN
w4xU
The Physiology of Hunger
• Contractions of the stomach
–Washburn study
The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
• Glucose
• Insulin
• Hypothalamus
–Lateral hypothalamus
• orexin
–Vetromedial
hypothalamus
The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
• Appetite hormones
–Ghrelin
–Obestatin
–PYY
–Leptin
• Set point
• Basal metabolic rate
The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
The Psychology of Hunger
Taste Preferences: Biology and
Culture
• Taste preferences
–Genetic: sweet and salty
–Neophobia
–Adaptive
taste
preferences
The Psychology of Hunger
Taste Preferences: Biology and
Culture
The Psychology of Hunger
Situational Influences on Eating
• Do you eat more when eating with
others?
• Unit bias
• Food variety
Obesity and Weight Control
•
•
•
•
The Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism
The genetic factor
The food and activity factors
–Social
influence
Obesity and Weight Control
Look How Quickly the U.S. Got Fat
(1985-2010 Animated Map)
• http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2
013/04/look-how-quickly-the-us-got-fat-19852010-animated-map/274878/
Module 39:
Sexual Motivation
The Physiology of Sex
The Sexual Response Cycle
• Sexual response cycle
–Excitement phase
–Plateau phase
–Orgasm
–Resolution phase
• Refractory period
The Physiology of Sex
Sexual Dysfunctions and
Paraphilias
• Sexual Dysfunctions
–Erectile disorder
–Premature ejaculation
–Female orgasmic disorder (10-15%)
–Paraphilias
• Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia
The Physiology of Sex
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
• Effects of hormones
–Development of sexual characteristics
–Activate sexual behavior
• Estrogen
• Testosterone
The Psychology of Sex
• External stimuli
• Imagined stimuli
–Dreams
–Sexual fantasies
The Psychology of Sex
Module 40:
Social Motivation: Affiliation
Needs
Introduction
• Aristotle’s social animal
• Need to belong – affiliation need
The Benefits of Belonging
• Enhanced survival
• How belonging influences our
thoughts and emotions
• Attachment
–Anxious
attachment
–Insecure
avoidant
attachment
The Pain of Being Shut Out
•
•
•
•
Ostracism
Cyberostracism
Anterior cingulate cortex
Influences
on behavior
Connecting and Social Networking
Mobile Networks and Social
Media
• Cell phones
• Texting and email
• Facebook and twitter
Connecting and Social Networking
The Social Effects of Social
Networking
• Have social networking sites made us
more, or less, socially isolated?
• Does electronic communication stimulate
healthy self-disclosure?
• Do social networking profiles and posts
reflect people’s actual personalities?
– Does social networking promote
narcissism?
Module 41:
Theories and Physiology of
Emotion
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition and Emotion
• Emotions
–Bodily arousal
–Expressive behaviors
–Conscious
experience
Cognition and Emotion
Historical Emotion Theories
• Common Sense theory
• James-Lange theory
• Cannon-Bard theory
–Lower spine injuries
–High spinal cord injury
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition Can Define Emotion:
Schachter and Singer
• Two-factor theory
–Schachter-Singer
–Spillover effect
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition May Not Proceed
Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus
• Robert Zajonc
• LeDoux’s high and low road
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition May Not Proceed
Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus
• Lazarus
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
• Autonomic nervous system
–Sympathetic nervous system
• arousing
–Parasympathetic
nervous system
• Calming
–Yerkes Dodson Law
–Fight or flee
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
Embodied Emotion
The Physiology of Emotions
• Insula
• Brain
circuits
• Left
frontal
lobe
Module 42:
Expressed Emotion
Detecting Emotion in Others
Detecting Emotion in Others
• Nonverbal cues
–Duchenne smile
Gender, Emotion, and
Nonverbal Behavior
Gender, Emotion, and
Nonverbal Behavior
Gender, Emotion, and
Nonverbal Behavior
Culture and Emotional
Expression
Culture and Emotional
Expression
Culture and Emotional
Expression
The Effects of Facial
Expressions
The Effects of Facial
Expressions
• Facial feedback effect
• Health psychology
Module 43:
Stress and Health
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
• Stress
–Stress appraisal
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Stressors – Things that Push
Our Buttons
• Catastrophes
• Significant life changes
• Daily hassles
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
• Selye’s general adaptation
syndrome (GAS)
–Alarm
–Resistance
–Exhaustion
• Tend-and-befriend
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
General Adaptation Syndrome
Module 44:
Stress and Illness
Introduction
• Psychophysiological illnesses
• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
–Lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes
• Macrophage
• Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
• Stress and AIDS
• Stress and Cancer
• Stress and Heart
Disease
–Coronary heart
disease
–Type A
–Type B
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
