Module 1
模組1
Animal welfare:
Introduction
動物福利概說
This module will enable you to
此模組將使你能夠
• Distinguish between animal welfare science, ethics and
law 區別動物福利在科學、倫理及法律之間差異
• Become familiar with the concept of animal needs熟悉動
物需求的概念
• Understand了解
– the 3 different concepts (physical, mental and natural)
included in definitions of welfare三個不同的概念(生理、
心理及自然)
– the relationship between death and welfare死亡和福
利之間的關係
– the role of anthropomorphism擬人化之角色
What is the welfare of two pet cats with
infected bite wounds?這兩隻被咬傷的貓
的福利為何?
 CAT 1:
Owners noticed a
problem two weeks
ago but did not take
the cat to the vet 飼主兩周前發現問
題，但並沒有帶貓去看獸醫。
 CAT 2
The cat was missing for 2
weeks. When the cat
returned, the owners took
her to the vet 這隻貓失蹤了兩週，
當貓返家，飼主帶他去看醫生。
Animal Welfare Science, Ethics and
Law動物福利科學、倫理及法律
• Welfare science measures the effect on
animals of different situations and
environments, from the animal’s point of view
福利科學從動物的觀點，來測量在不同情況、環境下
對動物的影響
• Welfare ethics concerns how humans should
treat animals福利倫理關注人應該如何對待動物
• Welfare law concerns how humans must treat
animals福利法律關注人必須如何對待動物
Animal Welfare Science, Ethics and Law
動物福利科學、倫理及法律
All three aspects are important for welfare 三種觀
念對福利都很重要
Some presentations focus on 1 aspect e.g.:
有的只專注一項觀念如：
• Science : physiological indicators 科學：生理學的指標
• Ethics : introduction to ethics 倫理：介紹倫理學
• Law : protection legislation 法律：保護動物立法
Other presentations cover all 3 aspects e.g.: 有
的專注三項觀念如：
• Farm animal husbandry 農場動物飼養
Scientific research: the basics
• Hypothesis假說
• Experiment / Observational study實驗/觀察的
方法
• Control bias控制偏見
–
–
–
–
–
Sample size 樣本大小
Control groups 控制組
Randomisation隨機選擇
Blinding盲目
Correct statistical method and interpretation現今的
統計方法和解釋
What is the welfare status of this
dog?這隻狗的福利狀況如何?
• Oral tumour 口腔腫瘤
 Has spread to local lymph nodes
已經擴散到局部淋巴結
• Current welfare目前的福利



生理狀況:器官損害
心理狀況:好
Future welfare未來的福利
 生理狀況:移轉、痛
 心理狀況: : 痛、不舒服
Two animal welfare concepts
二合一的動物福利觀念
Physical
生理
Mental
心理
Early tumours
Early infections
Fear
Anxiety
早期的腫瘤和感染
焦慮和恐懼
Clinical disease
Injury疾病與受傷
Three animal welfare concepts
三合一的動物福利觀念
Physical
Mental
生理
心理
Restrict natural
Naturalness
behaviour限制自
然行為
自然
Diagram after Appleby, MC. In: Appleby, MC and Hughes, BO. 1997
Animal Welfare. CAB International
Example: sows in stalls
舉例:畜欄內的母豬
• Naturalness自然
– 限制拱土
– 限制行動
• Physical生理
– 咬豬欄造成口部傷害
• Mental心理
– Frustration? 挫折?
– Pain from mouth injuries因口部傷口而疼痛
Three welfare definitions
三項福利定義
• Physical status (fitness) 生理的狀態(合適)
– Biological indicators including
reproduction and production生物學的指
標包含生殖和產量
• Mental status (feelings)心理的狀態
– Positive and negative emotional
states正面和負面的情緒狀態
• “Naturalness” (telos)自然(最後的目標)
Definitions: Physical status
生理狀態之定義
 Fraser & Broom, (1990)：Welfare defines the state of an animal as
regards its attempts to cope with its environment. 動物福利是動物嘗試對
環境的調適。
 McGlone, (1993)：I suggest that an animal is in a poor state of welfare only
when physiological systems are disturbed to the point that survival or reproduction
are impaired. 我建議動物的生理狀況在生殖或生存受到妨害時
才能說牠的福利不好。
 Moberg, (1985)：..the only defensible measurement of well-being in animals is to
determine if the animal is suffering from stress. Furthermore, I believe that the most appropriate
動物福利唯一有效
的測量是用在判定動物是否處在緊迫狀態，進一步說，最
適當的緊迫指標是當動物在即將出現病理狀態之前 。
indicator of stress is the appearance of a pre-pathological state.
Definitions: Mental status
心理狀態之定義
• Duncan(1993)：健康、沒有緊迫、調適均非決定動物福
利的充分或必要條件。動物福利是決定於動物的感覺
(..neither health nor lack of stress nor fitness is necessary and/or sufficient
to conclude that an animal has good welfare. Welfare is dependent upon
what animals feel. )
• Dawkins (1988): 關心動物福利就是關心動物主觀的感覺，
尤其是主觀不快樂的受苦與痛(To be concerned about animal
welfare is to be concerned with the subjective feelings of animals,
particularly the unpleasant subjective feelings of suffering and pain.)
• Bentheam (1789): 問題不是動物是否有理性，亦非是否
會說話，而是牠們是否會受苦(The question is not, can they
reason? Nor, can they talk? But, can they suffer?)
Definitions: “Naturalness”
自然狀態之定義
• Rollin, (1993):動物福利不但是指痛與受苦之控制，也包括
養育以及滿足動物們的天性，我稱之為目標(Not only will
welfare mean control of pain and suffering, it will also entail nurturing
and fulfilment of the animals’ nature, which I call telos.)(譯註：telos=
最後的目標。)
• Brambell, (1965): 基本上，我們不同意人類監禁動物到達
「構成動物自然行為的大部分行動受到挫折」的程度。(In
principle, we disapprove of a degree of confinement of an animal
which necessarily frustrates most of the major activities which make
up its natural behaviour..” )
• Kiley-Worthington, (1989): 如果我們確信演化…為了避免
動物受苦，必須按時讓動物去表現牠們所有的行為，因為
都是有其功用的(If we believe in evolution… in order to avoid
suffering, it is necessary over a period of time for the animal to
perform all the behaviours in its repertoire because it is all
functional… )
Relationship between the three
definitions三項定義之間的關係
三者互為表裡互相影響的關係
自然的行為
心理的受苦
生理的適應
Combined definition合併式定義
• Some definitions combine two or three aspects e.g.某些動物福利的定
義合併上述二或三個概念
– “Welfare consists of the combined state of the animal‘s mind and body,
and the extent to which its nature is satisfied“ 福利包含了滿足動物的心理、
身體以及展現其自然行為的程度
– “Fit and feeling good” 適合及感覺是好的(Webster 2005)
• The Five Freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1992) are often
used as a framework to assess animal welfare五項自由(農場動物福
利議會1992)常用來作為評量動物福利的架構
– 免除饑餓與口渴(hunger and thirst)的自由
– 免除不適(discomfort)的自由
– 免除痛、傷、病(pain, injury and disease)的自由
– 有展現自然行為(express normal behaviour)的自由
– 免除恐懼與緊迫(fear and distress)的自由
The concept of needs
需求的概念
• Need: a requirement, fundamental in the biology of
the animal, to obtain a particular resource or respond
to a particular environmental or bodily stimulus
(Broom & Johnson, 1993)需求：指當動物為獲得某些
特殊的資源，或在環境的刺激下所反應產生的基本的
生物學的需要。
• If a need is not met, this will affect physiology or
behaviour. E.g.:當動物的需求不足時，會影響其生理
或行為
– If you can link a physiological sign to the absence
of a certain resource, the animal lacks humane
care in that area如果你能把生理訊息連結到特定資
源缺乏，動物就是在那樣的領域缺乏人的關懷
Hierarchy of needs需求的階級差異
• Some needs may be more important than
others 有些需求或許比其它來得重要
• Provision of food and water is a fundamental
need食物和飲水的供給是最基本的需求
• Provision of a comfortable lying area may be
less fundamental舒適躺臥的供給比較沒有來的急
迫
• 維持生命所需 > 維持健康所需 > 維持健康所需
(Hurnik & Lehman, 1985)
Needs: e.g. legislation
需求：如立法
• “The owner and keeper of the animals
shall have regard to … their physiological
and ethological (behaviour) needs in
accordance with established experience
and scientific knowledge”飼主必須按照已建
立的經驗與知識關注動物生理與行為的需求。
Council of Europe (1976)
歐洲議會(1976)
Welfare versus death
動物福利與死亡
• Welfare concerns the quality of animal life
動物福利關心的是動物生命的品質
• Death affects the quantity of animal life
死亡影響的是動物生命的量(壽命)
• Quality and quantity of life may be ethical
concerns生命品質與壽命都是倫理的關懷層面
When is death relevant to
welfare?
動物福利何時會與死亡發生關係？
• The manner of death is relevant
死亡的方式是相關的
– e.g. method of slaughter is important
– 屠宰的方式很重要
• High death rates can indicate poor welfare conditions
死亡率升高表示動物福利很差
– Poor husbandry conditions can cause disease and
death不好的畜產飼養方式會造成疾病與死亡
Anthropomorphism:
Should we assign human attributes to
animals?
擬人化：可否將人想成動物
• Humans are animals with similar biology人
類和動物有類似的生物性
• However, each type of animal has different
behavioural needs然而每一種動物都有不同的生
物需求
• Using a ‘human-based’ assessment may be
a useful first step 將人作為評估基礎或許是有意
義思考的開始
• This assessment must be qualified with the
individual animal’s needs這樣的評估必須依動
物種別的需求
Conclusions / Summary
結論／摘要
• It is important to distinguish between the various
components of animal welfare: 動物福利的不同
內容需要區分清楚---科學、倫理、立法
– Science
– Ethics
– Legislation
• Animal welfare definitions are derived from three
basic concepts 動物福利的定義來自三個基本態
念---生理、心理、自然
– Physical
– Mental
– Natural
Further reading進修書目
• Anon 1992. Farm Animal Welfare Council updates the Five
Freedoms. Vet Record 131: 357
• Bentham J. 1789. An Introduction to the Principle of Morals and
Legislation. Athlone Press, re-printed 1970.
• Broom DM, Johnson KG. 1993. Stress and Animal Welfare.
Chapman and Hall ISBN 0412395800
• Brambell Committee 1965. Report of the Technical Committee
to Enquire into the Welfare of Livestock kept under Intensive
Husbandry Systems. Command Report 2836. Her Majesty’s
Stationery Office, London
• Council of Europe 1976. European Convention for the
Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?
NT=087&CM=1&DF=&CL=ENG CETS No.: 087
• Dawkins M. 1988 Behavioural deprivation: A central problem in
animal welfare. J Appl Anim Behav Sci 20: 209-225
Further reading進修書目
• Duncan IJD 1993. Welfare is to do with what animals feel. J
Agric Environ Ethics (Special Suppl 2): 8-14
• Fraser, AF Broom DM. 1990. Farm Animal Behaviour and
Welfare, 3rd edition. Bailliere Tindall, London, England
• Hurnik JF, Lehmann H. 1985. The philosophy of animal welfare.
A contribution to the assessment of farm animal wellbeing. In:
Wegner RM (ed). Second European Symposium on Poultry
Welfare, Celle, Germany
• Kiley-Worthington M. 1989.Ecological, ethological and ethically
sound environments for animals. Towards symbiosis. J Agric
Ethics 2: 323-347.
• McGlone J 1993. What is animal welfare? J Agric Environ Ethics
(Special Suppl 2): 26
• Moberg GP 1985. Biological response to stress: key to
assessment of animal well-being? In Animal stress (Ed. Moberg,
G. P.) American Physiological Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 2749.
Further reading進修書目
• Morton DB. 2000. A systematic approach for establishing
humane endpoints. Institute for Lab Animal Research Journal
41:80-86.
• Rollin B. Animal welfare, science and value. J Agric Environ
Ethics (Special Suppl 2): 8-14
• Seamer JH 1993. Farm animal welfare in Britain. SCAW
(Scientists for Animal Welfare) Newsletter 14(4): 13-14
• Webster J 2005. Animal Welfare. Limping towards Eden.
Blackwell, Oxford.
Further reading進修書目
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
APPLEBY, M.C. and HUGHES, B.O., 1997: Animal Welfare. CAB
International ISBN 0851991807
BEAUCHAMP, T.L. and CHILDRESS, J.F., 1994: Principles of
Biomedical Ethics (4th Ed.) Oxford University Press ISBN 0195143329
BROOM, D.M. and JOHNSON, K.G., 1993: Stress and Animal Welfare.
Chapman and Hall ISBN 0412395800
DAWKINS, M.S., 1998: Through our eyes only? A Journey into Animal
Consciousness. Oxford University Press ISBN 0198503202
NORMAN GR, STREINER DL. 2000 Biostatistics: the bare essentials.
2nd edition Mosby: St Louis. ISBN-10: 1550091239
MARTIN P, BATESON P. 2007. Measuring Behaviour (3rd edition).
Cambridge University Press. ISBN-10: 0521535638
MANNING, A.N. and DAWKINS, M.S., 1998: An Introduction into
Animal Behaviour (5th Ed.) Cambridge University Press ISBN
0521578914
Further reading進修書目
•
•
ROLLIN, B.E., 1999: An Introduction to Veterinary Ethics:
Theory and Cases. Iowa State University Press ISBN
0813816599
WEBSTER, A.J.F., 1994: Animal Welfare: A cool eye towards
Eden. Blackwell ISBN 0632039280