Trauma Competency
& Certification Training
J. Eric Gentry, Ph.D., LMHC
Master Traumatologist
FREE MEMBERSHIP!!!!!
Certifications:
• CCTP: Certified Trauma
Professional/Certified Clinical
Trauma Professional
• CCFP: Certified Compassion
Fatigue Professional (7/1/12)
• Expert & Master Levels
coming
www.traumaprofessional.net
Trauma Practice: Tools for
Stabilization & Recovery
- Pick-a-trauma to work with for the two days
- Can be your own, role play of a client, or
completely made up
- SUDs < 5
- All exercises are completely voluntary
- EMDR
Resiliency
“That
which is to give
light
Must endure
burning”
- Viktor Frankl
CHANGING THE PARADIGM
The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder:
A meta-analysis of direct comparisons
Steven G. Benish, Zac E. Imel, Bruce E. Wampold
Received 4 June 2007; received in revised form 8 October 2007; accepted 23 October 2007
Abstract
Psychotherapy has been found to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but
metaanalyses have yielded inconsistent results on relative efficacy of psychotherapies in the treatment of
PTSD. The present meta-analysis controlled for potential confounds in previous PTSD meta-analyses by
including only bona fide psychotherapies, avoiding categorization of psychotherapy treatments, and using
direct comparison studies only. The primary analysis revealed that effect sizes were
Homogenously distributed around zero for measures of PTSD symptomology,
and for all measures of psychological functioning, indicating that there were
no differences between psychotherapies. Additionally, the upper bound of the true effect size
between PTSD psychotherapies was quite small. The results suggest that despite strong
evidence of psychotherapy efficaciousness vis-à-vis no treatment or common
factor controls, bona fide psychotherapies produce equivalent benefits for
patients with PTSD.
© 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Healing Trauma:
Active Ingredients
• Therapeutic Relationship – develop and
maintain. Emotional bond + Completion of
Tasks + Mutual Goals + Positive expectancy.
• Relaxation – Reciprocal Inhibition (exposure
+ relaxation). Parasympathetic dominance
• Narrative – sharing with safe other
chronology of “micro-events” of traumatic
experience
Treating Trauma
Eric’s Hierarchy
Narrative
Relaxation/
Self-Regulation
Building & Maintaining
THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP
Percentage of Improvement in
Psychotherapy Patients as a
Function of Therapeutic Factors
Therapeutic
Extratherapeutic
Change
Relationship
40%
30%
Positive
Expectancy
(HOPE)
15%
Techniques
15%
Relational Components of Therapy
75%
25%
Model/
Techniques
Therapeutic Relationship
+
Hope
75% of Therapist Influence on Treatment Outcomes
Lies in Relational Factors
Suggestions for Positive Outcomes
www.scottdmiller.com
1. Collect empirical data evaluating the quality
of the therapeutic relationship
2. Generate honest feedback from client on
methods to improve therapy (i.e. relational)
3. Be willing to change toward what works best
for client—demonstrate that change
Session Rating Scale
Miller (2007)
I did not feel heard, understood,
and respected.
I felt heard, understood, and
respected.
We did not work on or talk about
what I wanted to work on and talk
about.
We worked on and talked about
what I wanted to work on and talk
about.
The therapist’s approach is not a
good fit for me.
The therapist’s approach is a good
fit for me.
There was something missing in
the session today.
Overall, today’s session was right
for me.
Session Rating Scale (SRS V.3.0)
Name ________________________Age (Yrs):____
ID# _________________________ Sex: M / F
Session # ____ Date: ________________________
Please rate today’s session by placing a mark on the line nearest to the description that best
fits your experience.
Relationship
I did not feel heard,
understood, and
respected.
I-------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I felt heard,
understood, and
respected.
Goals and Topics
We did not work on or
talk about what I
wanted to work on and
talk about.
I------------------------------------------------------------------------I
We worked on and
talked about what I
wanted to work on and
talk about.
Approach or Method
The therapist’s
approach is not a good
fit for me.
The therapist’s
I-------------------------------------------------------------------------I approach is a good fit
for me.
Overall
There was something
missing in the session
today.
Overall, today’s
I------------------------------------------------------------------------I session was right for
me.
Institute for the Study of Therapeutic Change
_______________________________________
www.talkingcure.com
© 2002, Scott D. Miller, Barry L. Duncan, & Lynn Johnson
Suggestions for Positive Outcomes
Gentry, 2009
•
•
•
•
Self-regulation
Self-validation & Self-possession
“Excellent” prognosis
Develop and maintain MINIMAL safety and
stabilization
• Rogerian Core Characteristics (Warmth,
Caring, Authenticity, Transparency)
• Tolerance of symptoms
Making it Personal
UNDERSTANDING TRAUMA
STRESS
Cause & Effect
Causes
Effects
Are You 100% Safe Right Now?
Anterior
Cingulate Cortex
Sensory input
Parking Garage
Perceived Threat
Physiological
Brain Mechanics
Other Effects
▲Heart Rate
▲ Basal Ganglia &
Thalamic Fx
▲Obsession
▲ Breathing Rate
▼ Neo-cortical Fx
▲Compulsion
▼ Breathing Volume
▼Frontal Lobe activity
▼ Speed & Agility
▼Executive Fx
▼Fine motor control
▼Emotional regulation
Centralized Circulation
▲ Muscle Tension
▼Temporal Lobe Activity
▼ Strength
▼Language
(Werneke’s)
▼Speech (Broca’s)
▲ Energy
▼ Anterior Cingulate
▲ DIS-EASE
Fight
Constricted thoughts &
behaviors
Fatigue
OR
Flight
Optimal Performance:
Sweet
Spot
STRESS
Cause & Effect
Causes
Effects
High Anxiety
Increased basal ganglia activity
Stress = Perception of Threat
Normal
Note the lessened activity of the
basal ganglia
http://www.amenclinics.com/bp/atlas/ch2.php
Self Regulation
•
•
•
•
Peripheral vision
Pelvic floor relaxation
Soft-palate relaxation
Diaphragmatic breathing
Self Regulation:
Peripheral
Vision
• Focus on a spot straight ahead
• Keeping your focus, widen your field of view
and notice what you see in your peripheral
vision
Self Regulation:
Pelvic floor relaxation
• Focus on 4 points: Bilateral Anterior Superior
Iliac Spine and Ischial Tuberosities
• Imagine these 4 points pushing outward and
muscles in-between softened
Self-Regulation
No
Clenching
Self-Regulation
• Relaxing tension of pelvic
floor muscles switches from
sympathetic to
parasympathetic dominance
• Psoas, Sphincter, and Kegels
(anterior + posterior)
• Regaining of neocortical
functioning in 20-30 seconds
• Relieves pressure on vagus
nerve
• Impossible to experience stress
– comfortable in one’s own
skin
© 2005 Compassion Unlimited
B. Scaer (2006)
NIMH (2004)
D. Bercelli (2003)
R. Sapulsky (1999)
Posttraumatic Stress
Illness or Injury?
www.giftfromwithin.org
PTSD
DSM-IV Criterion A
The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in
which both of the following were present:
(1) The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted
with an event or events that involved actual or threatened
death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity
of self or others
(2) the person’s response involved intense fear,
helplessness or horror. Note: In children, this may be
expressed instead by disorganized or agitated behavior
The Trauma Response
The Event
• What makes an event traumatic?
The Instinctual Trauma Response (Tinnin, 1998)
• startle
• thwarted intention (fight or flight)
• freeze
• altered state (peri-traumatic dissociation)
• body memory
• resolution
Trauma Response
Brain with no trauma
Balanced and selfregulated
Autonomic
Nervous System
Anterior Cingulate
Werneke’s Area
Implicit Memory
Emotions + Images
R
L
Narrative
Memory
Broca’s Area
Trauma Response
Two Memories
Narrative or declarative memory
(chronological encoded with language)
No Trauma
Implicit memory (in matrix and
connected to events)
Trauma Response
Neo-cortex
becomes
overwhelmed and
shuts down –
memory is encoded
with sensory
Trauma
Neo-cortex constricts ;
altered state; implicit
memory encodes trauma
Trauma Response
Avoidance
+ Arousal
Trauma
Intrusion +
Arousal
Trauma Response
Two Memories
Trauma
Trauma is encoded without
narrative in Implicit Memory
Trauma Resolution
Trauma
Implicit Memory
Narrative Memory
Narrative + Implicit Memory (no gaps)
Completion of Trauma Narrative
(with no gaps) resolves Intrusive Symptoms
Posttraumatic Adaptations
(Symptoms)
• Intrusion (1 for Dx of PTSD)
– Nightmares
– Flashbacks
– Physiological arousal when confronted with
cues
– Psychological disturbance
– Increased Threat Perception
Posttraumatic Adaptations
(Symptoms)
•
Avoidance (3 for Dx of PTSD)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Efforts to avoid thoughts or feelings associated with
event;
Efforts to avoid activities or situations which arouse
recollection;
Inability to recall important aspects of the trauma
Diminished interest or participation in significant
activities;
Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others;
Restricted range of affect;
Sense of foreshortened future
Posttraumatic Adaptations
(Symptoms)
•
Arousal (2 for Dx of PTSD)
–
–
–
–
–
Difficulty falling or staying asleep;
Irritability or outbursts of anger;
Difficulty concentrating;
Hypervigilance
Exaggerated startle response
Continuum of Posttraumatic
Responses
Assimilation
& Growth
No
Effect
Generalized
Anxiety/
Depression
Dissociative
Disorder
NOS
Acute Stress/
PTSD
Dissociative
Identity
Disorder
Disorders
of Extreme
Stress NOS
Trauma and posttraumatic stress can affect the
individual in many ways – from growth to extreme
debilitation
All posttraumatic responses are
adaptive and make GOOD SENSE
Eg
Other Diagnostic Information
• Criterion E. Duration of disturbance is more than
one month
• Criterion F. The disturbance causes clinically
significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of
functioning
• Specify if: Acute: less than three months.
Chronic: more than three months
• Specify if: With delayed onset: if onset of
symptoms is at least six months after the stressor.
Eg
Associated Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Painful guilt
Phobic avoidance
Impaired affect modulation
Self-destructive/impulsive behavior
Dissociative Sx
Somatic complaints
Ineffectiveness, shame, despair
“Damaged goods”
Loss of beliefs (safety)
Hostility
Social withdrawal
Impaired relationships
Traumatic Stress
ASSESSMENT & INTERVIEWING
Assessment & Diagnosis
• Psychotraumatology
Evaluation
• Trauma Profile
• Trauma Intake Assessment
• CAPS
• TRS
• IES
• SCL-45
• TSC-40
• DES
• DRS
• TAS
IES
Impact of
Events
+15 items
+Good reliability and
validity
+Easy to use and score
+Works well with
retesting/outcome
measure
IMPACT OF EVENTS SCALE
M. Horowitz, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco
Name:________________________________________Occupation:_____________________
In ___(year) I experienced this life event: __________________________________________
Below is a list of comments made by people after stressful life events. Please check each item,
indicating how frequently these comments were true during the past seven days. If they did not
occur during that time, please mark “not at all”.
Not At All
0
Rarely
1
1. I thought about it when I didn’t mean to.
2. I avoided letting myself get upset when
I thought about it or was reminded of it.
3. I tried to remove it from my memory.
4. I had trouble falling or staying asleep,
because of pictures or thoughts about
it that came into my mind.
5. I had waves of strong feelings about it.
6. I had dreams about it.
7. I stayed away from reminders of it.
8. I felt as if it hadn’t happened or it wasn’t real.
9. I tried not to talk about it.
10. Pictures about it popped into my mind.
- Only measures
Avoidance and
Intrusion symptoms.
Does not measure
Arousal.
11. Other things kept making me think about it.
12. I was aware that I still had a lot of feelings
about it, but I didn’t deal with them.
13. I tried not to think about it.
14. Any reminder brought back feelings about it.
15. My feelings about it were kind of numb.
0-8
9 - 25
26 - 43
Over 43
Subclinical
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Intrusion: 1, 4, 5, 6, 10 ,11, 14
Avoidance: 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15
Sometimes
3
Often
5
IES revised (IES-R)
• 22 items
• Measures Intrusion, Avoidance, &
Hyperarousal
• IES for children (8items/13items)
IES-Revised
1. Any reminder brought back feelings about it.
2. I had trouble staying asleep.
3. Other things kept making me think about it.
4. I felt irritable and angry (H)
5. I avoided letting myself get upset when I thought
about it or was reminded of it (A)
6. I thought about it when I didn’t mean to.
7. I felt as if it hadn’t happened or wasn’t real (A)
8. I stayed away from reminders of it (A)
IES-Revised
9. Pictures about it popped into my mind.
10. I was jumpy and easily startled (H)
11. I tried not to think about it (A)
12. I was aware that I still had a lot of feelings
about it, but I didn’t deal with them (A)
13. My feelings about it were kind of numb (A)
14. I found myself acting or feeling like I was back
at that time.
15. I had trouble falling asleep (H)
IES-Revised
16. I had waves of strong feelings about it.
17. I tried to remove it from my memory (A)
18. I had trouble concentrating (H)
19. Reminders of it caused me to have physical
reactions, such as sweating, trouble
breathing, nausea, or a pounding heart (H)
20. I had dreams about it.
21. I felt watchful and on-guard (H)
22. I tried not to talk about it (A)
IES-Revised
Item response anchors are:
0=not at all
1=a little bit
2=moderately
3=quite a bit
4=extremely
IES-Revised
Intrusion subscale is the mean item response
of items 1,2,3,6,9,14,16,20
Avoidance subscale is the mean item
response of items 5,7,8,11,12,13,17,22
Hyperarousal subscale is the mean item
response of items 4,10,15,18,19,21
Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)
• Excellent Psychometrics
– Reliability ( r = .83 - .85)
– Convergent validity (r =
.77 - . 91)
• Good insight into
symptoms and effects in
the life of the client
• Excellent opportunity to
build relationship and
explain traumatic stress
• Excellent diagnostic tool
Intrusion
Avoidance
Arousal
Total
X
X
X
X
X / 32
X / 56
X / 48
%
%
%
X / 152
%
•Score of one (1) on
Frequency and two (2) on
Intensity is considered
endorsement of symptom
CAPS Criterion B: Reexperiencing
(1) Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event
Frequency
Intensity
Have you ever experienced
unwanted memories of the
event(s) without being exposed
to something that reminded you
of the event? Did these
memories occur while you were
awake, or only in dreams?
[Exclude if memories only
occurred during dreams] How
often in the past month?
At their worse, how much distress or
discomfort did these memories cause
you? Did these memories cause you to
stop what you were doing? Are you able
to dismiss the memories if you try?
0
1
2
3
4
Never
Once or twice
Once or twice a week
Several times a week
Daily or almost every day
Discussion
0 None
1 Mild, minimal distress
2 Moderate, distress clearly present but
still manageable, some disruption of
activities
3 Severe, considerable distress, marked
disruption of activities and difficulty
dismissing memories
4 Extreme, incapacitating distress,
unable to continue activities and cannot
dismiss memories
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion B: Reexperiencing
(2) Intense psychological distress at exposure to events that symbolize or resemble an
aspect of the traumatic event, including anniversaries of the trauma
Frequency
Have you ever gotten upset when
you were exposed to things that
reminded you of the event(s)? [For
example, particular males for rape
victims, tree lines or wooded areas
for combat veterans] How often in
the past month?
Intensity
At its worst, how much distress or
discomfort did exposure to these
reminders cause you?
0
1
2
3
4
0 None
1 Mild, minimal distress
2 Moderate, distress clearly present
but still manageable
3 Severe, considerable distress
4 Extreme, incapacitating distress
Never
Once or twice
Once or twice a week
Several times a week
Daily or almost every day
Discussion:
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion B: Re-experiencing
(3) Sudden acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were
recurring (includes a sense of reliving the experience, illusions,
hallucinations,
and dissociative
[flashback] episodes, even those
Frequency
Intensity
C
L
that
upon
awakening
when
intoxicated)
Haveoccur
you ever
suddenly
acted or feltorAt
their worse,
how much did it seem
as if the event(s) was happening
again? How often in the past
month?
that the event(s) was happening
again? How long did it last? What
did you do while this was happening?
0
1
2
3
4
0 Not at all
1 Mild, slightly more realistic than just
thinking about the event
2 Moderate, definite but transient
dissociative quality; still very aware of
surroundings
3 Severe, strongly dissociative (reports
images, sounds, smells), but retained
some awareness of surroundings
4 Extreme, complete dissociation
(flashback), no awareness of
surroundings, possible amnesia for the
episode (blackout)
Never
Once or twice
Once or twice a week
Several times a week
Daily or almost every day
Discussion:
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion B: Re-experiencing
(4) Recurrent distressing dreams of the event
Frequency
Intensity
Have you ever had unpleasant At its worst, how much distress or
dreams about the event(s)?
discomfort did these dreams cause you?
How often in the past month? Did these dreams wake you up? [if yes,
ask:] What were you feeling or doing when
you awoke? How long does it usually take
to get back to sleep? [Listen for report of
panic symptoms, yelling, posturing
0 Never
1 Once or twice
2 Once or twice a week
3 Several times a week
4 Nightly or almost every
night
Description/Examples:
0 None
1 Mild, minimal distress, did not awaken
2 Moderate, awoke in distress but readily
returned to sleep
3 Severe, considerable distress, difficulty
returning to sleep
4 Extreme, overwhelming or incapacitating
distress, could not return to sleep
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion B: Re-experiencing
SCORING
Item
1
2
3
4
TOTAL
Frequency
Intensity
TOTAL
DX
CAPS Criterion C: Avoidance
(5) Efforts to avoid thoughts or feelings associated with
Frequency
Intensity
the
trauma
Have you ever tried to avoid thinking
about the event(s)? Have you ever
tried to avoid feelings related to the
event(s) (e.g., rage, sadness, guilt?)
How often in the past month?
0
1
2
3
4
Never
Once or twice
Once or twice a week
Several times a week
Daily or almost every day
Description/Examples:
How much effort did you make to
avoid thoughts or feelings related to
the event(s)? [Rate all attempts to
cognitive avoidance, including
distraction, suppression, and
reducing awareness with alcohol or
drugs]
0 None
1 Mild, minimal distress
2 Moderate, some effort, avoidance
definitely present
3 Severe, considerable effort,
marked avoidance
4 Extreme, drastic attempts at
avoidance
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion C: Avoidance
(6) Efforts to avoid activities or situations that arouse
Frequency
recollections of the trauma Intensity
Have you ever tried to stay away
from activities or situations that
reminded you of the event(s)? How
often in the past month?
How much effort did you make to
avoid activities or situation related the
event(s)? [Rate all attempts at
behavioral avoidance, e.g., combat
veteran who avoids veteran activities,
war movies, etc.]
0
1
2
3
4
0 No effort
1 Mild, minimal effort
2 Moderate, some effort, avoidance
definitely present
3 Severe, considerable effort,
marked avoidance
4 Extreme, drastic attempts at
avoidance
Never
Once or twice
Once or twice a week
Several times a week
Daily or almost every day
Description/Examples:
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion C: Avoidance
(7) Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma
Frequency
Intensity
(psychogenic amnesia)
Have you been unable to remember How much difficulty did you have
important parts of the event(s) (e.g., recalling important parts of the
names, faces, sequence of events)? event(s)?
How much of the event(s) have you
had difficulty remembering in the
past month?
0 None, clear memory of event(s)
1 Few aspects of event(s) not
remembered (less than 10%)
2 Some aspects of the event(s) not
remembered (approx 20-30%)
3 Many aspects of the event(s) not
remembered (approx 50-60%)
4 Most of event(s) not remembered
(more than 80%)
Description/Examples:
0 No difficulty at recalling event(s)
1 Mild, minimal difficulty recalling
event(s)
2 Moderate, some difficulty, could
recall event(s) with concentration
3 Severe, considerable difficulty
recalling the event(s)
4 Extreme, completely unable to
recall the event(s)
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion C: Avoidance
(8) Markedly diminished interest in significant activities
Frequency
Intensity
Have you been less interested in
important activities that once gave
you pleasure, such as sports,
hobbies, or social activities? As
compared to before the event(s),
how many activities in the past
month have you had less interest
in?
0 No loss of interest
1 Few activities (less than 10%)
2 Several activities (approx 2030%)
3 Many activities (approx 50-60%)
4 Most activities (more than 80%)
At its worst, how strong was you loss
of interest in these activities?
Description/Examples:
0 No loss of interest
1 Mild, only slight loss of interest,
probably would enjoy after starting
activities
2 Moderate, definite loss of interest,
but still has some enjoyment of
activities
3 Severe, marked loss of interest in
activities
4 Extreme, complete loss of interest,
intentionally does not engage in
activities
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion C: Avoidance
(9) Feelings of detachment or estrangement from
Frequency
Intensity
others
Have you had periods where you felt
emotionally numb, or had trouble
experiencing feelings such as love or
happiness? Is this different from how
you felt before the event(s)? How
much of the time have you felt this way
in the past month?
At their worst, how strong were your
feelings of emotional numbness?
[In rating this item include
observations of range of affect
displayed in interview]
0 Never
1 Very little of the time (less than
10%)
2 Some of the time (approx 20-30%)
3 Much of the time (approx 50-60%)
4 Most or all of the time
(more than 80%)
0 No emotional numbing
1 Mild, slight emotional numbing
2 Moderate, emotional numbing
clearly present, but still able to
experience emotions
3 Severe, marked emotional
numbing in at least two primary
emotions (e.g., love, happiness)
4 Extreme, feels completely
unemotional
Description/Examples:
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion C: Avoidance
(10) Restricted range of affect, e.g., unable to have loving
Frequency
Intensity
C
feelings
Have you had periods where you felt
emotionally numb, or had trouble
experiencing feelings such as love or
happiness? Is this different from how
you felt before the event(s)? How much
of the time have you felt this way in the
past month?
At their worst, how strong were
your feelings of emotional
numbness? [In rating this item
include observations of range of
affect displayed in interview]
0 Never
1 Very little of the time (less than
10%)
2 Some of the time (approx 20-30%)
3 Much of the time (approx 50-60%)
4 Most or all of the time
(more than 80%)
0 No emotional numbing
1 Mild, slight emotional numbing
2 Moderate, emotional numbing
clearly present, but still able to
experience emotions
3 Severe, marked emotional
numbing in at least two primary
emotions (e.g., love, happiness)
4 Extreme, feels completely
unemotional
Description/Examples:
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion C: Avoidance
(11) Sense of a foreshortened future, e.g., does not expect to have
aFrequency
career, marriage, children orIntensity
a long life
C
L
Have you had times when you felt that
there is no need to plan for the future,
that somehow your future will be cut
short? [if yes, rule out realistic risks
such as life-threatening medical
conditions] Is this different from how
you felt before the event(s)? How much
of the time have you felt this way in the
past month?
0 Never
1 Very little of the time (less than 10%)
2 Some of the time (approx 20-30%)
3 of the time (approx 50-60%)
4 Most or all of the time (more than
80%)
Description/Examples:
At their worst, how strong was this feeling
that your future will be cut short? How
long do you think you will live? How
convinced were you that you will die
prematurely?
0 No sense of a foreshortened future
1 Mild, slight sense of a foreshortened
future
2 Moderate, sense of a foreshortened
future definitely present, but no specific
prediction about longevity
3 Severe, marked sense of a
foreshortened future; may make specific
prediction about longevity
4 Extreme, overwhelming sense of a
foreshortened future; completely
convinced of premature death
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion C: avoidance
SCORING
Item
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
TOTAL
Frequency
Intensity
TOTAL
DX
CAPS Criterion D: Arousal
(12) Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Frequency
Intensity
Have you had any problems falling or
staying asleep? Is this different from
the way you were sleeping before the
event(s)? How often have you had
difficulty sleeping in the past month?
[Ask probe items and rate overall sleep
disturbance] How long did it take you to
fall asleep? How many times did you
wake up at night? How many hours
total did you sleep each night?
0 Never
1 Once or twice
2 Once or twice a week
3 Several times a week
4 Nightly or almost every night
Sleep Onset Problems? Y/N
Mid Sleep Awakening? Y/N
Early AM Awakening? Y/N
Total #hrs Sleep/Night
____
Desired #hrs Sleep/Night ____
0 No sleep problems
1 Mild, takes slightly longer to fall asleep,
or minimal difficulty staying asleep (up to
30 minutes loss of sleep)
2 Moderate, definite sleep disturbance,
with clearly longer latency to sleep or clear
difficulty staying asleep (30-90 min loss of
sleep)
3 Severe, much longer latency to sleep or
marked difficulty staying asleep (90 min-3
hrs loss of sleep)
4 Extreme, very long latency to sleep or
profound difficulty staying asleep (greater
than 3 hrs loss of sleep)
Description/Examples:
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion D: Arousal
(13) Irritability or outbursts of anger
Frequency
Intensity
Have there been times when you
felt unusually irritable, or
expressed feelings of anger and
acted aggressively? Is this
different from how you felt or
acted before the event(s)? How
often have you felt or acted this
way in the past month?
0 Never
1 Once or twice
2 Once or twice a week
3 Several times a week
4 Daily or almost every day
How angry were you? In what ways did
you express/show anger?
Description/Examples:
0 No irritability or anger
1 Mild, minimal irritability, raises voice
when angry
2 Moderate, irritability clearly present,
easily becomes argumentative when
angry, but can recover quickly
3 Severe, marked irritability, becomes
verbally or physically aggressive when
angry
4 Extreme, pervasive anger, episodes
of physical violence
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion D: Arousal
(14) Difficulty concentrating
Frequency
Intensity
Have you found it difficult to concentrate
on what you were doing or on things
going on around you? Has your
concentration changed since the
event(s)? How much of the time have
you have difficulty concentrating in the
past month?
How difficult was it for you to
concentrate? [In rating this item
include observations of
concentration and attention in the
interview]
0 None of the time
1 Very little of the time (less than 10%)
2 Some of the time (approx 20-30%)
3 Much of the time (approx 50-60%)
4 Most or all of the time (more than
80%)
Description/Examples:
0 No difficulty with concentration
1 Mild, only slight effort needed
to concentrate
2 Moderate, definite loss of
concentration, but could
concentrate with effort
3 Severe, marked loss of
concentration, even with effort
4 Extreme, complete inability to
concentrate
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion D: Arousal
(15) Hypervigilance
Frequency
Intensity
Have you been especially alert or
watchful, even when there was no
obvious need to be? Is this different
from how you felt or acted before the
event(s)? How much of the time
have you been alert or watchful in
the past month?
0 None of the time
1 Very little of the time (less than
10%)
2 Some of the (~ 20-30%)
3 Much of the time (~ 50-60%)
4 Most or all of the time (> 80%)
How much effort did you make to try to be
aware of everything around you? [In rating
this item include observations of
hypervigilance during the interview]
Description/Examples:
0 No hypervigilance
1 Mild, minimal hypervigilance, slight
heightening of awareness
2 Moderate, hypervigilance clearly present,
watchful in public (e.g., chooses safe place to
sit in a restaurant or movie theatre)
3 Severe, marked hypervigilance, very alert,
scans environment for danger, exaggerated
concern for safety of self, home and family
4 Extreme, excessive hypervigilance, efforts
consume significant time and energy, and
may involve extensive safety-checking
behaviors, marked guarded behaviors during
interview
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion D: Arousal
(16) Exaggerated Startle Response
Frequency
Intensity
Have you experienced strong
startle reactions to loud,
unexpected noises (e.g., car
backfires, fireworks, door slams,
etc.) or things that you saw (e.g.,
movement in the corner of your
eye?) Is this different from how
you were before the event(s)?
How often has this happened in
the past month?
0 Never
1 Once or twice
2 Once or twice a week
3 Several times a week
4 Daily or almost every day
At their worst, how strong were these
startle reactions?
Description/Examples:
0 No startle reaction
1 Mild, minimal reaction
2 Moderate, definite startle response,
feels “jumpy”
3 Severe, marked startle response,
sustained arousal following initial
reaction
4 Extreme, excessive startle response,
overt coping behavior (e.g., combat
veteran who “hits the dirt”)
C
L
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion D: Arousal
(17) Physiologic reactivity upon exposure to events that symbolize
or resemble an aspect of theIntensity
traumatic event
Frequency
C
L
Have you experienced any physical
reactions when you were faced with
situations that reminded you of the
event(s)? [Listen for report of
symptoms such as heart racing,
tremulousness, sweating, or muscle
tension, but do not suggest
symptoms to patient] How often in
the past month?
0 Never
1 Once or twice
2 Once or twice a week
3 Several times a week
4 Daily or almost every day
Description/Examples:
At their worst, how strong were these
physical reactions?
0 No physical reaction
1 Mild, minimal reaction
2 Moderate, physical reaction clearly
present, reports some discomfort
3 Severe, marked physical reaction,
reports strong discomfort
4 Extreme, dramatic physical
reaction, sustained arousal
QV
QV
____
F
____
F
____
I
____
I
CAPS Criterion D: arousal
SCORING
Item
12
13
14
15
16
17
TOTAL
Frequency
Intensity
TOTAL
DX
CAPS Diagnostic Worksheet
PTSD SYMPTOMS
A.
Traumatic Event: ___________________________________________________________
B.
The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced:
(1)
Recurrent and intrusive recollections
(2)
Distress when exposed to events
(3)
Acting or feeling as if event recurring
(4)
Recurrent distressing dreams of event
Number of current symptoms for criterion B (need 1): ____
C.
____
____
____
Cx met?
Yes
____
____
____
____
Intensity
____
No
Persistent avoidance of stimuli/numbing of responsiveness:
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Efforts to avoid thoughts or feelings
Efforts to avoid activities or situations
Inability to recall trauma aspects
Markedly diminished interest in activities
Feelings of detachment or estrangement
Restricted range of affect
Sense of foreshortened future
Number of current symptoms for criterion C (need 3): ____
D.
Frequency
____
Cx met?
Yes
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
No
Persistent symptoms of increased arousal:
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Irritability or outbursts of anger
Difficulty concentrating
Hypervigilance
Exaggerated startle response
Physiologic reactivity
Number of current symptoms for criterion D (need 2): ____
PTSD Cx Met (circle):
Cx met?
Current: Yes
Yes
No
No
Early Sessions
• Graphic Time Line of life including ALL
significant traumatic experiences
• Verbal Narrative using GTL as map
• Video-recording
• Asking client to view video (if they can
tolerate) with attitude of ACCEPTANCE,
COMPASSION & CURIOSITY
Physical
Abuse &
DV
MVA
Active
Addiction
MVA
Divorce – close of practice
-10
Sexual Abuse
Multiple positive personal &
professional
accomplishments
PhD
Private practice
Getting clean
SF
NYC
Graduation
+10
Present
The Tri-Phasic Model
TREATING TRAUMA
Tri-Phasic Model
Herman, 1992
• Safety (Stabilization)
• Remembrance &
Mourning
– Trauma Resolution
– Desensitization &
reprocessing
– Metabolization of
trauma
• Reconnection
– Present & future
Eg
What is Safety?
(Gentry & Schmidt, 1997)
I. Resolution of impending environmental (ambient,
interpersonal and intrapersonal) physical danger;
-Removal from “war zone” (e.g., domestic violence, combat, abuse)
-Behavioral interventions to provide maximum safety;
-Address and resolve self-harm.
II. Amelioration of self-destructive thoughts & behaviors (i.e.,
suicidal/homicidal ideation/behavior, eating disorders,
persecutory alters/ego-states, addictions, trauma-bonding, risktaking behaviors, isolation)
III. Restructuring victim mythology into intentional proactive
survivor identity by development and habituation of life-affirming
self-care skills (i.e., daily routines, relaxation skills,
grounding/containment skills, assertiveness, secure provision of
basic needs, self-parenting)
What is Necessary?
Six Empirical Markers
1. Resolve (real) Danger
2. Distinguish between real vs. perceived
threat
3. Develop battery of regulation/relaxation,
grounding, and containment skills
4. Demonstrate ability to self-rescue
5. Contract (verbal) to address traumatic
material
6. Non-anxious presence + good prognosis
What is Necessary?
1.
Resolution of impending
environmental physical danger
–
–
–
–
Abusive Environment
Ambient Danger
Violence
Active Self Harm
What is Necessary?
2. Ability to distinguish between
“Am Safe” and “Feel Safe.”
Outside Danger
Behavioral
Intervention
Resolve Threat
Inside Danger
Self regulation
Anxiety
Reduction
Cognitive
Restructuring
What is Necessary?
3. Development of a battery of selfsoothing, grounding, containment
and expression strategies AND the
ability to utilize them for selfrescue from intrusions
Safety/Stabilization
Interventions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Suggested
3-2-1 Sensory grounding
Diaphramatic breathing
Safe-place visualization
Flashback Journal
Thought Field Therapy
(TFT)
Light Stream
Icon in envelope
•
•
•
•
•
•
Additional
Progressive
Relaxation
Anchoring
Transitional Object
Postural grounding
Internal vault
Timed/metered
expression
Thought Field Therapy (TFT)
Callahan
•
Perturbations in the thought field contain the active
information (see physicist David Bohm***) which
triggers and forms the sequence of activities neurological, chemical, hormonal and cognitive - which
result in the experience of a negative emotion such as
fear, depression, anger, etc.
•
In TFT's unique diagnostic procedure the perturbations
are revealed and quickly subsumed.
•
The perturbations are of low inertial ladeness (contained
in an energy form as the information on an audio or video
tape has less inertial quality than the tape itself) and this
fact explains the unusual speed of the therapy; the unusual
effectiveness is explained by the fundamental nature of
the perturbations.
Thought Field Therapy (TFT)
Callahan
1. Trauma Memory
2. SUDS
3. Algorithm (trauma)
–
–
–
–
Eye brow (5-8 taps)
Under eye (5-8 taps)
Underarm (5-8 taps)
Collarbone (5-8 taps)
4. 9 Gamut
– while continuously tapping
9-Gamut spot...
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Eyes open
Eyes closed
eyes open down right
eyes open down left
eyes clockwise
eyes counterclockwise
hum a tune
count to five (aloud)
hum a tune
5. Repeat # 3
Thought Field Therapy (TFT)
Callahan
• Callahan
Techniques®,Ltd.
78-816 Via Carmel
La Quinta, CA 92253
(760) 564-1008
• FOR ORDERS CALL
1(800)359-CURE Dept.
WB
OR FAX Your Order to
(760) 360-5258
E-Mail joanne@tftrx.com
6. SUDS
• If decreased 2+ units then
repeat until SUDS = 0
• If decrease < 2, then:
7. Psychological
Reversal
– tap on heel of hand
– “I accept myself event
though I still _______”
(3x)
EMDR Safe Place
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3.
Step 4.
Step 5.
Step 6.
Step 7.
Step 8.
Image.
Emotions and sensations.
Enhancement.
Eye movements (short sets 4-6).
Cue word.
Self-cuing.
Cuing with disturbance.
Self-cuing with disturbance.
What is Necessary?
4. Ability to demonstrate self-rescue.
5. Contract (verbal) with client to address
traumatic material
6. Non-anxious presence and good
prognosis from clinician.
Tri-Phasic Model:
Remembrance & Mourning
Desensitization & Reprocessing
Approaches
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CBT (PE/DTE)
CPT
EMDR
Rx
TIR
NLP – V/KD
Hypnosis
Psychodymanic
•
•
•
•
•
SE/TRE
ART
TFT/EFT
TRI Method
Bio//Neurofeedback
• Art/non-verbal
• Group Therapy
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
Joseph Wolpe
BF Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Aaron Beck
Edna Foa
Terrence Keene
Donald Meichenbaum
Patricia Resick
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Systematic Desensitization
Stress Inoculation Training
Biofeedback
Relaxation Training/Mindfulness
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE)/
Prolonged Exposure (PE)/Flooding
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
Key Concepts
http://www.nacbt.org/whatiscbt.htm
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 1
CBT is based on the Cognitive Model of Emotional Response.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on the idea that
our thoughts cause our feelings and behaviors, not
external things, like people, situations, and events.
The benefit of this fact is that we can change the way we
think, to feel or act better even if the situation does not
change.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 2
CBT is Briefer and Time-Limited.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is considered among the most rapid in
terms of results obtained. The average number of sessions clients
receive (across all types of problems and approaches to CBT) is
only 16. Other forms of therapy, like psychoanalysis, can take
years. What enables CBT to be briefer is its highly instructive
nature and the fact that it makes use of homework
assignments. CBT is time-limited in that we help clients understand
at the very beginning of the therapy process that there will be a
point when the formal therapy will end. The ending of the formal
therapy is a decision made by the therapist and client. Therefore,
CBT is not an open-ended, never-ending process.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 3
A sound therapeutic alliance is necessary for effective therapy,
but not the focus.
Some forms of therapy assume that the main reason people get better in
therapy is because of the positive relationship between the therapist and
client.
Cognitive-behavioral therapists believe it is important to have a
good, trusting relationship, but that is not enough.
CBT therapists believe that the clients change because they
learn how to think differently and they act on that learning.
Therefore, CBT therapists focus on teaching rational self-counseling skills.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 4
CBT is a collaborative effort between the therapist and the client.
Cognitive-behavioral therapists seek to learn what their clients
want out of life (their goals) and then help their
clients achieve those goals.
The therapist's role is to listen, teach, and encourage, while the
client's roles is to express concerns, learn, and
implement that learning
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 5
CBT is based on aspects of stoic philosophy.
Not all approaches to CBT emphasize stoicism. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy,
Rational Behavior Therapy, and Rational Living Therapy emphasize aspects of
stoicism. Beck's Cognitive Therapy is not based on stoicism.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy does not tell people how they should feel. However, most
people seeking therapy do not want to feel they way they have been feeling. The
approaches that emphasize stoicism teach the benefits of feeling, at worst, calm
when confronted with undesirable situations. They also emphasize the fact that we
have our undesirable situations whether we are upset about them or not. If we are
upset about our problems, we have two problems -- the problem, and our upset
about it. Most people want to have the fewest number of problems possible. So
when we learn how to more calmly accept a personal problem, not only do we feel
better, but we usually put ourselves in a better position to make use of our
intelligence, knowledge, energy, and resources to resolve the problem
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 6
CBT uses the Socratic Method.
Cognitive-behavioral therapists want to gain a very good
understanding of their clients' concerns. That's why
they ask open ended questions.
They also encourage their clients to ask questions of
themselves, like, "How do I really know that those
people are laughing at me?" "Could they be laughing
about something else?“
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 7
CBT is structured and directive.
Cognitive-behavioral therapists have a specific agenda for each session.
Specific techniques / concepts are taught during each session.
CBT focuses on the client's goals.
We do not tell our clients what their goals "should" be, or what they "should"
tolerate. We are directive in the sense that we show our clients how to think
and behave in ways to obtain what they
want.
Therefore, CBT therapists do not tell their clients what to do –
rather, they teach their clients how to do.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 8
CBT is based on an educational model.
CBT is based on the scientifically supported assumption that most
emotional and behavioral reactions are learned.
Therefore, the goal of therapy is to help clients unlearn their unwanted
reactions and to learn a new way of reacting.
Therefore, CBT has nothing to do with "just talking".
People can "just talk“ with anyone.
The educational emphasis of CBT has an additional benefit -- it leads to
long term results. When people understand how and why they are doing
well, they know what to do to continue doing well.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 9
CBT theory and techniques rely on the Inductive Method.
A central aspect of Rational thinking is that it is based on fact.
Often, we upset ourselves about things when, in fact, the
situation isn't like we think it is.
If we knew that, we would not waste our time upsetting
ourselves. Therefore, the inductive method encourages us to look at our
thoughts as being hypotheses or guesses that can be questioned and
tested.
If we find that our hypotheses are incorrect (because we have new
information), then we can change our thinking to be in line with how the
situation really is.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Key Concept 10
Homework is a central feature of CBT.
If when you attempted to learn your multiplication tables you spent only one
hour per week studying them, you might still be wondering what 5 X 5
equals. You very likely spent a great deal of time at home studying
your multiplication tables, maybe with flashcards.
The same is the case with psychotherapy. Goal achievement (if obtained)
could take a very long time if all a person were only to think about the
techniques and topics taught was for one hour per week. That's why CBT
therapists assign reading assignments and encourage their clients to
practice the techniques learned.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Template for Treatment Trajectory
1. Assessment
2. Stabilization




Psychoeducation
Relaxation/Breathing
Mindfulness
Cognitive & Behavioral Strategies
3. Trauma Memory Processing
 Exposure (imaginal or in vivo) + Relaxation
In vivo exposure
• In vivo exposure refers to the direct confrontation of
feared objects, activities, or situations by a
client/patient.
• For example, a woman with PTSD who fears the location
where she was assaulted may be assisted by her
therapist in going to that location and directly
confronting those fears (as long as it is safe to do so).
• Likewise, a person with social anxiety disorder who
fears public speaking may be instructed to directly
confront those fears by giving a speech.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Negative
Positive
 Brief treatment (usually 8-12 • Clients sometimes
experience CBT and
sessions)
practitioners as “overly
 Easily measured and
technical”
researched
• Can minimize
 Clear and concise
affective/emotional
 Many books and manuals for
experiences
clients to read/homework
• Therapist-driven
 Easy to find therapists
 Moderate training to gain
mastery
Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR)
- Francine Shapiro (1987)
- over 60,000 licensed mental health
therapists in 52 countries
 An integrated model that draws from behavioral, cognitive,
psychodynamic, body-based, and systems therapies,
EMDR provides profound and stable treatment effects in a
short period of time.
 an eight-phase treatment that includes the use of eye
movements or other bi-lateral (i.e., left-right) stimulation
 There are more controlled studies to date on EMDR
than on any other method used in the treatment of
trauma.
 EMDR is the only well-researched treatment model
capable of addressing multiple incidents of trauma
simultaneously
EMDR
8 Phases – 11 Steps
EMDR’s effectiveness, like
all psychotherapies, is
contingent upon the
development and
maintenance of a good
therapeutic relationship
Eight
Phases
Treatment using EMDR is a
highly structured form of
psychotherapy organized into
eight (8) discreet phases.
The EMDR protocol
utilizes 11 steps.
 1. Client History/Treatment Plan
 2. Preparation
 3. Assessment
 4. Desensitization
 5. Installation
 6. Body Scan
 7. Closure
EMDR Institute, Inc.
PO Box 51010
Pacific Grove
CA 93950-6010 USA
Tel: 831-372-3900
Fax: 831-647-9881
http://www.emdr.com
email: inst@emdr
 8. Reevaluation
EMDR
Key Concepts
• Accelerated Information Processing Model. Does not
assume pathology – instead believes survivors are in
process of adapting and self-healing. EMDR is said to
facilitate and accelerate this self-healing. Thwarted selfhealing is the cause of symptoms according to this model.
• Bilateral Stimulation assists with processing of traumatic
material
–
–
–
–
Facilitating relaxation
Distraction
Diminished capacity for repression and inhibition
Dual focus
EMDR
Key Concepts
Multimodal. EMDR utilizes cognitive,
behavioral, somatic, schematic, affective, and
self-assessment components.
Client-driven
All forms of bilateral stimulation equally
effective
Equal to classic CBT but more quickly
achieves resolution with lowered drop out rates
EMDR
11-Steps
1. Situation
2. Target
3. Negative Cognition/Selfreferencing Belief
4. Positive Cognition/Selfreferencing Belief
5. Validity of Cognition
(VOC)
6. Emotions
7. Subjective Units of
Distress (SUDs)
8. Body Scan
9. Desensitization
(Bilateral stimulation
while processing
target)
10. Installation
11. Body Scan/
Homework/Journal
Hypnotherapy/
Neuro-Lingustic Programming
(NLP)
Pierre Janet
Milton Erickson
Richard Bandler &
John Grinder
Danny Brom
• Uses imaginal and
hypnotic protocols to
assist the trauma survivor
in confronting and
mastering traumatic
memories
• Has demonstrated
effectiveness in the
literature
Traumatic Incident Reduction
• TIRA
13 NW Barry Road, Suite
214
Kansas City, MO 641552728
USA
Phone: 816-468-4945 or
800-499-2751
FAX: 816-468-6656
Email: info@tir.org or
104602.2551@compuserv
e.com
• Client-directed exposure
technique
• Clinician is “interested
and not interesting”
• “Bearing witness”
• Organic process of the
“viewer” identifying what
most captures his/her
interest
Somatic Experiencing
• Ron Kurtz
• Pat Ogden
• Babette Rothschild
• Peter Levine
• Bob Scaer
• Dave Bercelli
• Helps the survivor
access, regulate and
express the
physiological effects
of trauma.
• Body-centered
• Regulation and
expression first,
cognitive second
Trauma Recovery Institute
TRI Method
Trauma Recovery
Institute
314 Scott Avenue
Morgantown, WV 26505
voice: (304) 291-2912
fax: (304) 291-2918
trauma@access.mountain.net
• Louis Tinnin & Linda Gantt
• Neo-Janetian, non-abreative theorydriven treatment
• Video-enhanced anamnesis
• Recursive review
• Trauma Art Therapy
• Focal Psychotherapy
• Self-soothing
• Video-dialogue
The
IATP 5-Narrative
Model
(Gentry, 2004; 2011)
Graphic Time Line Exercise
EMT=OK
Upside
down
Waiting w/
surgeon
End
Beginning
Nissan
Impact
Flip &
skid
Unbuckle
seat belts
REMEMBRANCE & MOURNING
Traumatic Memory Processing
Trauma Memory Processing
Exercise I
Graphic Time Line
• Get “ICON” from envelope
• Use the “Graphic Narrative” sheet to map
the microevents of traumatic event
• Identify SUDs, Beginning, End, Worst Part
REMEMBRANCE & MOURNING
Traumatic Memory Processing
Trauma Memory Processing
Exercise II
Written Exercise
• Write a chronological narrative of the
trauma
• 5 minute halves
REMEMBRANCE & MOURNING
Traumatic Memory Processing
Trauma Memory Processing
Exercise III
Graphic Narrative
• Use Large Paper
• Draw the events of the trauma in
chronological order
REMEMBRANCE & MOURNING
Traumatic Memory Processing
Trauma Memory Processing
Exercise IV
Verbal Narrative (in dyads)
• Tell the story of your traumatic experience to a
partner then switch
• Use drawings as a storyboard
• 15 minutes
• NAP & Bearing Witness by receiver
Pictoral Narrative
REMEMBRANCE & MOURNING
Traumatic Memory Processing
Trauma Memory Processing
Exercise V
Communalization/Trauma Art Group
• Partner posts client’s pictures
• Partner tells client’s narrative (in 3rd
person)
• Client remains a NAP while narrative is told
• Processing
Grieving allows us to heal, to remember with love rather than pain
It is a sorting process
One by one you let go of things that are gone
And you mourn for them
One by one you take hold of the things that have become part of
Who you are and build again
--Rachel Naomi Remen
In Worden, 2009
Counseling or Therapy?
GRIEF & MOURNING
Definitions
• Grief/bereavement – personal experience
of loss
• Mourning – process one goes through in
adapting to death/loss
• Grief Counseling – supporting “normal”
adaptation to loss/death; supporting
adaptation
• Grief Therapy – helping clients get
“unstuck” in their mourning; facilitating
adaptation
Tasks of Mourning
(Worden, 2009)
1. Accept the Reality of the Loss
2. Process the Pain of Grief
3. Adjust to a World without the Deceased
(Object)
a.
b.
c.
External Adjustments
Internal Adjustments
Spiritual Adjustments
4. Find an Enduring Connection with the
Deceased in the Midst of embarking on a
New Life
Grief Therapy
(Worden, 2009; Rando , 2007)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
R/O Physical Disease/Illness
Set Up Contract/Establish Alliance
Revive Memories of the Deceased
Assess Which of 4 Tasks are Thwarted
Deal with Affect/Lack of Affect
Stimulated by Memories
Grief Therapy
(Worden, 2009; Rando , 2007)
6. Explore and Diffuse Linking Objects
7. Help Acknowledge Finality of Loss
8. Help Design New Life Without the
Deceased
9. Assess and Help Improve Social
Relationships
10.Help Reframe Myth of Ending Grieving
Completing Relationships
Accelerant (Tasks 5-7)
(Gentry, 2000)
• Ask client to write letter to deceased addressing
following four tasks:
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
Identify all the ways in which the deceased/lost caused you harm;
move towards forgiveness;
Identify all the ways in which you caused the deceased/lost harm;
move towards amends;
Articulate all the un-communicated emotional statements;
Say good bye
Use video camera to evoke presence of deceased/lost
and ask client to read letter and speak
extemporaneously into the eye of the camera
Reconnection
Welcome Home!
Reconnection
To what is it that
trauma survivors
are re-connecting?
Reconnection
Exercise
Letter
1. Write letter to the “self” that has just
experienced the trauma
2. From the perspective of the present self, who has
resolved this trauma
3. What does s/he need to hear?
4. Reach toward reconnection
Reconnection
Memorials/Totems
“Make a bridge from the horrific past to a
hopeful future” (Baranowsky)
Prayer circles
Monuments
Remote burial – canoe “passage”
MEANINGFUL RECONNECTION MEMORIALS?
Anti-Regression Strategy
(Tinnin, 1996)
Anti-Regression Strategy (Tinnin, 1996)
–
–
–
–
No rumination
No sedatives or stimulants
No naps (no more than 8 hours in bed)
Activation vs. retardation (walking, cleaning,
gym, running, sports, etc)
– Time, Identity, & Volition
• q30 min scheduling
• Graphic time line
• Meetings
Treating Trauma
Simple … Not Easy
Narrative
Relaxation/
Self-Regulation
Building & Maintaining
THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP
J. Eric Gentry, PhD, LMHC
3205 South Gate Circle #10
Sarasota, FL 34239
(941) 720-0143
eg@compassionunlimited.com
www.compassionunlimited.com
(Dissociative) Regression
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increasing Flashbacks/Escalating abreactions
Overwhelming Affect
Regressive Dependency
Neo-cortical Shutdown
Increased Rumination and motor retardation
Autonomous executive ego functions, such as
time, volition, identity and affect regulation begin
to deteriorate
• Suicidal crises
Anti-Regression Schedule
• Stop all trauma work
• Prohibitions
– Alcohol, sedatives, or stimulants
– No rumination
– No naps
• Stimulus Barrier
– Medication (short-term neuroleptic or
anticonvulsant)
– Interpersonal stimulation but avoiding overstimulation
– Avoid rumination by motor activity (aerobic)
Anti-Regression Schedule
• Reduce Ambiguity
– Adopt a benign, authoritative manner with
formalized role boundaries and careful, concrete
communication, avoiding metaphor.
• Auxiliary Ego Function
– “Therapeutic assistants” are enlisted from family,
friends and significant others to perform specific
tasks, for example, in keeping the patient on
schedule completing therapeutic chores
– Specific and prescribed – no “over helping”
Anti-Regression Schedule
• Support Autonomous Ego Functions
– Daily schedule for sleep, meals and activities (q ½ hour) and
hold patient to schedule;
– patient keeps log of meals, sleep, activities, flashback
journal;
– video-taping of sessions to foster identity;
– use of time-line narrative and graphic time-line to foster
identity
– scrapbook or bulletin board
– Autobiography
– “Right Brain” Programming
• Grounding and Containment Skills
– For use with addictive reenactments and flashbacks.
Anti-Regression Schedule
• Excellent and crucial stopgap to
hospitalization
• Allows therapist to aggressively treat
trauma without the worry of “breaking”
patients
• 2-3 weeks client regains self-regulation