Animal Locomotion
By
Jennifer Mahoney
Alexandra Pike
Movement through the ages of
animals.
Introduction
• Fastest moving animal: American
cockroach moves 50 body lengths per
second.
• The thing that relates all animals is their
need for movement; in order to get food,
grow, and find shelter etc.
Protozoans
• Sarcodina: move by pseudopodia
(extensions of the cytoplasm)
– Amoebas, Heliozoans, and Foraminiferans.
• Mastigophora: Move by flagella (big hair
things, 9 by 2)
– Trypanosoma, and Trichonympha
• Ciliophora: Move by cilia (little hair things)
– Paramecium
Protozoan pictures
psuedopod
cilia
Porifera and Cnidaria
• Porifera:
– Are sessile, but have flagella on their collar
cells. Eg. The Sponges.
• Cnidaria:
– The medusa floats about, but the polyp is
sessile. Eg. Jellyfish, Coral and Sea Anemones.
• Sessile: attached to a surface.
Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
• First to be bilateral, so move much easier.
– First to have ventral and dorsal sides, and
anterior and posterior.
• Have a complex muscle system in their skin
• Move with a loping motion, that is helped
by cilia.
• Eg. Planarians, Flukes and Tapeworms.
Pictures of Flatworms
Nematoda: Roundworms
• First to have the pseudoceolom.
– Pseudocoelom: an air cavity that helps with
muscle contractions, giving them something to
work against. It functions as a hydrostatic
skeleton, returning the body to its original
shape after the muscles have contracted.
• Use tail to help with movement.
Pictures of Nematodes
Mollusca
• Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels etc.)
– Sessile.
• Gastropoda (snails etc.)
– Move very slowly, inching along.
• Cephalopods (squids, octopuses etc.)
– Move very fast, because they use jet
propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of a
siphon.
Pictures of Mollusks
gastropoda
bivalves
cephalopods
Annelida: Segmented Worms
• Segmentation helps movement
– Have localised muscles, so can move one
segment at a time.
• Have Parapodia
– Paddle like things sticking out of each segment,
helping to move the woms
• Have a true coelom
– Acts again as a hydrostatic skeleton.
Pictures of Segmented Worms
spatulate
setae
simple
setae
compound
setae
limbate
setae
harpoon
setae
pinnate
setae
capillary
setae
trifurcate
setae
bifurcate
setae
pectinate
setae
Arthropoda
• Insects:
– Can fly and have six legs paired.
• Arachnids:
– Have six legs, in three pairs.
• Crustaceans:
– Have three pairs of jointed legs.
• Exoskeleton moves at its joints when the
muscles move.
Pictures of Arthropods
arachnid
insect
crustacean
Echinodermata
• Eg. Starfish, Sea Urchins, and Sand Dollars.
• Have Tube Feet:
– Also called podia. They attach to the surfaces
and grip so they aren’t washed away with the
waves. Are also used to feed.
– When the radial ring and ring canals fill with
water, filling the ampulla, they expand, moving
the animal along the surface. The water is then
expelled out of the madreporite, relaxing it.
Echinodermata
• Unique feature is the water vascular cavity.
– One big ringed tube in the center of animal,
with tubes going out of it into all of the arms.
Coming off of the canals leading off of the big
one, are small sacs called ampulla, which, when
filled with water, force tube feet to move out.
When they aren’t, the tube feet are relaxed.
Pictures of Echinoderms
starfish
water vascular system
Cephalochordata & Urochordata
Lancelets and Turnicates
• Lancelets:
– Have a notochord and a tail to propel
themselves through the water.
• Turnicates:
– Are most often sessile as mature adults, but as
larvae have all a chordates characteristics.
Move with tail and notochord.
The Early Cartilaginous Fishes
• Agnatha: hagfish and lampreys
– Use their flexible tails to propel themselves.
• Chondrichthyes: rays and sharks
– Are the first to have paired fins to help steer
themselves.
Osteichthyes: Bony Fish
• Have a bladder to help maintain bouyancy.
• Skeleton moved by muscles.
• Very speedy and maneuverable.
– They are the first to migrate.
Pictures of Bony Fishes
Amphibia
• Frogs, salamanders and toads etc.
• Have four legs.
• Have webbed feet to help move faster and
to guide their movement.
Pictures of Amphibians
toad
frogs
salamanders
Reptilia
• Have four legs.
– On either side of the body, exactly parrallel.
• Slither side to side with tail and legs.
Pictures of Reptiles
Aves: The Birds
• Have wings and short legs.
• Skeletal Bones are hollow to help make
them as light as possible.
Pictures of Birds
Mammalia
• Wales, Horses, Humans, Rabbits etc.
• Are mostly bipedal
• Have most sophisticated muscles for best
movement.
Pictures of Mammals
The Muscles and their Tissues
• Cardiac Tissue:
– Around the heart, it is especially strong with
intercalated disks to help heart pump.
• Skeletal Tissue:
– Attached to bones by tendons. Have the stripes of fiber.
• Smooth / Visceral Tissue:
– In the walls of internal organs- involuntary movement
held for a long time.
• Feet, actual muscles:
– A large very important muscle used for locomotion.