Chapter 20: The Conservative
Order & the Challenges of
Reform 1815-1832
Section 1: The Challenges of
Nationalism & Liberalism
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What were the goals of the 1815 Congress of
Vienna?
What were the five “isms” that emerged in the
19th century?
How was it that it was in fact nationalists who
actually created nations in the 19th century?
What role did/does nationalism play in the
foundation of nationalism?
What were the goals of nationalists? What
difficulties did nationalists confront when
trying to realize these goals?
Why was nationalism a special threat to the
Austrian & Russian Empires? What other
European powers faces nationalistic pressure in
the years 1815-1832?
Giuseppe Mazzini
Daniel O’Connor
Section 1: The Challenges of
Nationalism & Liberalism
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What were the tenants of 19th century European
liberalism?
Who were the liberals, & how did liberalism affect
the political developments of the early 19th century
What were the political goals of 19th century
European liberals?
Although liberals wanted broader political
participation, they did not advocate democracy.
Why?
What were the economic goals of century
European liberals?
Section 2: Conservative Governments: The
Domestic Political Outlook
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What were the three major pillars
of 19th century European
conservatism?
Who epitomized 19th century
European conservatism?
Why, following 1815, did
conservative aristocrats feel as if
they were always on the defensive?
What does the term ‘reactionary’
mean?
What difficulties did the
conservative régimes of Austria,
Prussian, & Russia face after 1815?
What were the Carlsbad Decrees?
Section 2: Conservative Governments: The
Domestic Political Outlook
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What were the 1819 Six Acts? What was
the overall goal of the Six Acts?
Prime Minister Sir
Arthur Wellesley,
1st Duke of
Wellington
Section 2: Conservative Governments: The Domestic
Political Outlook
To what extent did
the Charter of 1814
accept the changes of
the French Revolution
and the Napoleonic
era?
 What was
ultraroyalism? What
did Charles X hope to
accomplish?
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King Louis XVIII
The Count of
Artois,
the future King
Charles X
Section 3: The Conservative International Order
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What was the Concert of Europe? Who were the major powers
that took part in the Concert?
What were the goals of the Concert? Did the Concert uphold
the ideals of the Congress of Vienna system?
What nations were in the Holy Alliance? What did the Holy
Alliance stand for? What was it against?
What action was taken by the Congress of Troppau under
Metternich’s leadership when Naples was overthrown by
revolutionaries? What was the reaction of Tsar Alexander I?
What actions did the Congress decided to take at the Verona
conference in 1822? What was not done that was a departure
from past international actions?
Section 3: The Conservative International Order
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What was the “Eastern Question”? What were the specific interests that
the Congress/Concert powers had in Ottoman affairs?
Section 3: The Conservative International Order
By 1830, how had
European political
ambitions & the ideas
of liberalism &
nationalism begun to
undermine the
Ottoman Empire?
 Why was Greece able
to win its
independence from the
Ottomans in 1829
Section 3: The Conservative International Order
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Why did the Ottoman Empire willingly grant Serbia
its independence in 1830?
What member of the Holy Alliance declared itself the
formal protector or Serbia? Why?
Miloš Obrenović
1st Prince of Serbia
Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
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What was the impact of the Decembrist Revolt in Russia after the death
of Tsar Alexander I in 1825?
What was Tsar Nicholas I’s policy of “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, &
Nationalism”? Was this slogan the embodiment of the “Slavic Revival”?
Why did Belgium’s revolt win independence in 1830 for Belgium but the
1830 Polish revolt did not achieve the same for Poland?
You can
be the
Tsar…
No, really…you
be the Tsar…
WOULD
SOMEONE
PLEASE BE
THE TSAR!
Nicholas
Constantine
The Decembrist Uprising - 1825
* Orthodoxy!
* Autocracy!
* Nationalism!
Nicholas I
Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
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Why did the July Ordinances of Charles X
in 1830 lead to revolt by the republicans &
the abdication of the king?
Why was King Louis- Philippe acceptable
to both the Chamber of Deputies
(controlled by the upper bourgeoisie) and the
republicans who led the 1830 revolt?
Coat of Arms of
Louis-Philippe
Louis-Philippe,
King of the French
Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
1830 Belgium revolts against the Netherlands and becomes the
Kingdom of Belgium. The new King of Belgium, Leopold, is
installed because he was the uncle of Britain’s Queen Victoria
and married the daughter of France’s Louis-Philippe.
In order to establish a buffer between France and Germany, the Congress of Vienna created a kingdom of the Netherlands by
combining Holland and Belgium (the latter the former Austrian Netherlands). Belgium chafed under Dutch rule, however,
and in 1830 the Catholic nobility and the middle-class liberals joined forces in an insurrection that resulted in the creation of
the independent state of Belgium. Here, the two countries are caricatured as dogs on the same leash, Belgium resisting the
constraint of Holland.
Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
What two factors
contributed to Britain
avoiding revolution in the
1830s?
 Why did Prime Ministers
Grey & Peel push through
the 1829 Catholic
Emancipation Act?
 What changes did the 1832
Great Reform Bill make to
the British electorate?
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Lord Grey