What are brand elements?
• Are trademark-able devices that serve to
identify and differentiate a brand like brand
names, URL’s, logos, symbols, characters etc…
Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements
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Memorability
Meaningfulness
Likability
Transferability
Adaptability
Protectability
Marketer’s offensive strategy
and build brand equity
Defensive role for leveraging
and maintaining brand equity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmnIFqrpOWE
4.2
Memorability
• Brand elements should inherently be
memorable and attention-getting, and
therefore facilitate recall or recognition.
• Apple
4.3
Meaningfulness
• Brand elements may take on all kinds of meaning,
with either descriptive or persuasive content.
• Two particularly important criteria
– General information about the nature of the product
category
– Specific information about particular attributes and
benefits of the brand
– Aashirvad aata
4.5
Likability
• Do customers find the brand element
aesthetically appealing?
• Descriptive and persuasive elements reduce
the burden on marketing communications to
build awareness.
• Amul girl and Nimbooz
4.6
Transferability
• How useful is the brand element for line or
category extensions?
• To what extent does the brand element add to
brand equity across geographic boundaries
and market segments?
• Amazon versus RIN
4.8
Adaptability
• The more adaptable and flexible the brand
element, the easier it is to update it to
changes in consumer values and opinions.
• For example, logos and characters can be
given a new look or a new design to make
them appear more modern and relevant.
4.9
Protectability
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Marketers should:
1. Choose brand elements that can be legally
protected internationally.
2. Formally register chosen brand elements with
the appropriate legal bodies.
3. Vigorously defend trademarks from
unauthorized competitive infringement.
4.12
Tactics for Brand Elements
• A variety of brand elements can be chosen that
inherently enhance brand awareness or facilitate the
formation of strong, favorable, and unique brand
associations.
– Brand names
– URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) also referred to as
domain names means specific locations on the Web.
– Logos and symbols
– Characters
– Slogans
– Packaging
4.13
Brand Names
• Like any brand element, brand names must
be chosen with the six general criteria of
memorability, meaningfulness, likability,
transferability, adaptability, and protectability
in mind.
4.14
Brand Naming Taxonomy
Descriptive: Indian Airlines
Suggestive: Fair and Lovely
Compound: Red Bull
Classical: Maruti
Arbitrary: Apple, Onida
Fanciful: Xerox, Nirma
4.15
Brand Naming Guidelines
Selecting a brand name is crucial part of the brand the marketing
planning process:
Desirable Qualities for a brand name
1.
2.
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5.
6.
7.
Suggest something about product benefits e.g. Kleenex (tissue paper)
Easy to pronounce, recognize or remember e.g. Dove (soap), Yale
(security products), Shell
The brand name should be distinctive e.g. Virgin, Kodak
It should translate easily (and meaningfully) into foreign languages
It should be capable of registration and legal protection e.g. Miller
Brewery Company not allowed to use “Lite” exclusively for its lowcalorie beer
Evoke positive associations e.g. Pepsi Max, Lexus
Use of numerals or alphanumerics when emphasizing technology e.g.
Audi A 4, Airbus 380 etc.
URLs
• URLs (uniform resource locators) specify
locations of pages on the web and are also
commonly referred to as domain names.
• A company can either sue the current owner
of the URL for copyright infringement, buy the
name from the current owner, or register all
conceivable variations of its brand as domain
names ahead of time.
4.17
Logos and Symbols
• Play a critical role in building brand equity and
especially brand awareness
• Logos range from corporate names or
trademarks (word marks with text only)
written in a distinctive form, to entirely
abstract designs that may be completely
unrelated to the word mark, corporate name,
or corporate activities
4.18
Characters
• A special type of brand symbol—one that takes on
human or real-life characteristics
Benefits
• Attention getting and quite useful for creating
awareness because they are colour and rich in imagery
• Break through clutter and communicate product
benefits
• Valuable licensing properties e.g. Disney’s micky
mouse
4.20
Slogans
• Slogans are short phrases that communicate
descriptive or persuasive information about
the brand. E.g. “Just do it” “ The Best a Man
can get” “ A Diamond is forever”
• Slogans are powerful branding devices
because, like brand names, they are an
extremely efficient, shorthand means to build
brand equity
4.22
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNaXSK-70aA
Jingles
• Jingles are musical messages written around
the brand. Typically composed by professional
songwriters, they often have enough catchy
hooks and choruses to become almost
permanently registered in the minds of
listeners—sometimes whether they want
them to or not!
• Jingles are perhaps most valuable in
enhancing brand awareness.
4.24
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-sx_NduQZs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVJk4t41U9Y
Packaging
Packaging is the activities of designing and
producing containers and wrappers for aproduct
• From the perspective of both the firm and
consumers, packaging must achieve a number
of objectives:
– Identify the brand
– Convey descriptive and persuasive information
– Facilitate product transportation and protection
– Assist at-home storage
– Aid product consumption
4.26
Packaging Can Influence Purchase
at the Point of Purchase
• Packaging can create strong appeal on the
store shelf and stand out from the clutter,
critical when you realize that the average
supermarket shopper can be exposed to
20,000 or more products in a shopping visit
that may last less than 30 minutes
• Packaging is sometimes called the “ the last 5
seconds of marketing” as well as “permanent
media”
4.27
THANK YOU