Review: Sleep & Dreams
- EEG changes during sleep
- synchronized/ desynchronized activity
- paradoxical features of REM sleep
- brain areas: SCN, pons
- function of sleep: 2 theories
- function of dreams/ REM sleep- evidence?
- VIDEO:
- 1. Word association test during REM
- 2. Learning task with REM deprivation
Gray, Psychology, 4e
CHAPTER 9
Memory and Consciousness
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Overview: An InformationProcessing Model of the Mind
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Sensory Memory
Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
Control Processes
Gray, Psychology, 4e
An Information-Processing Model of the Mind
What moves information from one store to other?
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Answer: Control Processes Attention, Encoding, Retrieval
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Sensory Memory and Attention:
The Portal to Consciousness
• Sensory Memory as a Store
• Selective Nature of Attention
• Unconscious, Automatic Processing of Input
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Visual Sensory memory: The Icon
Sperling (1960)- “reading” letters up to 1/3 sec after display
Eriksen & Collins (1967)- superimpose 2 icons
Conclusion: Iconic memory lasts about 1/3 of second
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Rock & Guttman (1981)
Task: attend to red shape
Test: recognition for red and green shapes
Result: performed at chance level for recognition of unattended
shapes, but did notice unusual characteristics
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Evidence for our ability to screen out irrelevant info!!
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Priming: Evidence that sensory input can influence
behavior/ thought without itself being conscious
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Automatic, Obligatory Processing: Stroop Effect
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Working Memory: The Active,
Conscious Mind
• Verbal : Phonological Loop
• Visual: Visuospatial Sketch Pad
• Importance of Prefrontal Lobes in Working
Memory
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The visuospatial sketch pad
Kosslyn (1993)
Task: In your memory, focus on back of boat
Q: Was there a: a) motor
b) window c) anchor?
Answers took longer for c) than for b) than for a)
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Encoding Information into LongTerm Memory
• Elaboration
• Organization
• Visualization
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Craig & Tulving (1975): Evidence for value of elaboration
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Value of organization for long term memory
DEMO:
Task: remember as many words as you can
Gray, Psychology, 4e
mouse
hot
net
trap
milk
tiger
cookie
cat
wheat
moth
cage
field
bear
tan
cheese
cool
butterfly
sun
cow
yellow
bread
germ
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Multiple Memory Systems:
Beyond the Modal Model
• Distinctions Among Explicit and Implicit
Memory Systems
• Neuropsychological Evidence for Separate
Memory Systems
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Temporal lobe amnesia:
Case of H.M.
Evidence for two
types of memory
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Retrieving Information from
Long-Term Memory
• The Role of Time
• Interference as a Cause of Forgetting
• Mental Associations and Memory Retrieval
Cues
• Memory Construction as a Source of
Distortion
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Gray, Psychology, 4e
Gray, Psychology, 4e