Hand Tools
Session 9
Industrial Tool Usage
• Two categories
• Hand tools
• Machine tools
• Importance of hand tools should not
be overlooked
• Bench work includes operations of
inspecting, fitting, and assembling
Shop Tools and Techniques
2
Two Classes of Hand Tools
• Noncutting
• Cutting
Shop Tools and Techniques
3
Two Classes of Hand Tools
• Noncutting
• Include vises, hammers,
screwdrivers, wrenches, pliers,
and etc.
• Used basically for holding,
forming, assembling,
reassembling, destroying, or
dismantling parts
Shop Tools and Techniques
4
Bench Vise
• Also Called Machinist’s Vise
• Used to hold small work securely for
sawing, chipping, filing, polishing,
drilling, reaming, and tapping
• Size determined by width of jaws
Shop Tools and Techniques
5
Shop Tools and Techniques
6
Bench Vise
Jaw caps made of
brass,
aluminum, or
copper to
protect the work
surface
from being marred
or
damaged
Solid or swivel base
Shop Tools and Techniques
7
Other Vises
Shop Tools and Techniques
8
Clamping Device
• C-Clamp
• Popular in Plant settings
• 2” to 12”
• Allows clamping two or
more items together or
clamping one item to
another
Shop Tools and Techniques
9
Clamping Device
• Boiler Clamps
• Heavy Duty
• 6” to 24”
Shop Tools and Techniques
10
Hard Faced Hammers
• Ball Peen
• Peen: smaller, rounded
end
• Used in riveting or
peening operations
• Variety of sizes
Shop Tools and Techniques
11
Hard Faced Hammers
• Sledge
• Largest striking surface
• Used in persuading or
“nudging” objects
• Variety of sizes: head
mass range 1 to 12 lb
• Smaller sizes used for
gentle persuasion
• Larger sizes used for
serious business
Shop Tools and Techniques
12
Hard Faced Hammers
• Claw type
• Smaller striking surface
• Claw end can be used
for prying nails and etc
• Variety of sizes: head
mass range 10 oz to
22 oz
• Smaller available with
ergonomic handles
Shop Tools and Techniques
13
Soft-Faced Hammers
• Faces made of plastic
or rubber.
• Plastic or rubber faced
hammers are fastened
to steel body and
replaced when worn
• Used in assembling or
dismantling parts so
finished surface of
work not marred
Shop Tools and Techniques
14
Soft-Faced Hammers
• Heads with replaceable faces made
of plastic or rubber
Shop Tools and Techniques
15
Soft-Faced Hammers
• Heads made of rawhide,
aluminum, brass, copper,
copper/bronze or lead
• Entire head made of
above material
• Used in assembling or
dismantling parts so
finished surface of work
not marred
Shop Tools and Techniques
16
Soft-Faced Hammers
• Heads with
replaceable section of
leather.
Shop Tools and Techniques
17
Soft-Faced Hammers
• Dead Blow hammers
• Filled with lead or steel shot
• Do not “bounce back” or
“rebound” after striking
object
• Do not lose shape and last
longer than lead hammers
Shop Tools and Techniques
18
Safety Precautions When
Using a Hammer
1. Be sure handle is solid and not cracked
2. Be sure head is tight on handle and
secured with proper wedge to keep
handle expanded in head
3. Never use with greasy handle or when
your hands are greasy
4. Never strike two hammer faces
together
Shop Tools and Techniques
19
Screwdrivers
• Two most common types
• Standard or flat blade
• Blades for smaller make of round stock
• Blades for larger often square for
leverage
• Phillips
• Different sizes and styles
• Standard shank
• Stubby shank
• Offset
Shop Tools and Techniques
20
Regular Screwdrivers
•
Tip for use with slotted-type screw
• Manufactured in various sizes
• To suit various-sized slots in heads of
fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
21
Phillips Screwdrivers
•
Tip for use with Phillips-type
screws
• Manufactured in sizes: #1, #2, #3, #4
• To suit various-sized recesses in heads
of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
22
Torx Screwdrivers
•  shaped tip for use with Torx-type
recessed screw heads
• Manufactured in assorted sizes
• To suit various-sized recesses in heads
of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
23
Square Head Screwdrivers
•
Tip for use with Square-type screw
heads
• Manufactured in assorted sizes
• To suit various-sized recesses in heads
of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
24
Star Head Screwdrivers
• Star shaped tip for use with Star-type
recessed screw heads
• Manufactured in assorted sizes
• To suit various-sized recesses in heads
of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
25
Allen Head Screwdrivers
•
Tip for use with Allen-type screw
heads
• Manufactured in assorted sizes
Shop Tools and Techniques
26
Care of a Screwdriver
1. Choose correct size of screwdriver
for job
•
Too small, both screw recess and tip of
screwdriver may become damaged
2. Do not use screwdriver as pry bar,
chisel, or wedge
3. If tip or handle breaks or wears out,
replace the screwdriver
Shop Tools and Techniques
27
Wrenches
•
Many types used in machine shop
work
•
Each suited for specific purpose
•
•
Name derived from use, shape, or
construction
Most available in both inch and metric
measuring systems
Shop Tools and Techniques
28
Open-End Wrenches
•
•
Single-ended or double-ended
Openings usually offset at 15º angle
•
•
Permits turning nut or bolt head in
limited spaces by "flopping" wrench
Double-ended have different-size
opening at each end
Shop Tools and Techniques
29
Box-End Wrenches
• Completely surround nut and useful in
close quarters where only small rotation
of nut can be obtained at one time
• Box end has 4, 6, or 12 precisely cut
notches around inside face
• Notches fit closely over points on outside
of nut
• Have different sizes at each end
Shop Tools and Techniques
30
Combination Wrenches
• Box end at one end
• Open end at other
• May have socket attached as one end
• Wide variety available
Shop Tools and Techniques
31
Line Wrenches
• Also referred to as Flared
nut wrenches
• Six point construction
• One section of wrench
head removed to enable
the head to encircle a
flared nut with a line or
tube running through it.
Shop Tools and Techniques
32
Spud Wrenches
• Similar to box or
open end
wrenches
• Only one end has
a wrench head
• Other end used
as an alignment
tool
Shop Tools and Techniques
33
Striking End Wrenches
• Box or open end
wrenches
• Only one end has
a wrench head
• Other end used as
an striking surface
Shop Tools and Techniques
34
Torque Wrenches
• Specialized wrenches for tightening
nuts and bolts to specifications
• Beam Type
• Dial Type
• Digital Type
• Clicker Type
Shop Tools and Techniques
35
Torque Wrenches
Beam
Types
Shop Tools and Techniques
36
Torque Wrenches
Dial
Type
Shop Tools and Techniques
37
Torque Wrenches
Digital Shop
Type
Tools and Techniques
38
Torque Wrenches
Clicker
Types
Shop Tools and Techniques
39
Torque Wrenches
3/8” Drive will measure 25-250 inchpounds
3/8” Drive will measure 10-75 footpounds
1/2” Drive will measure 20-150 footpounds
Shop Tools and Techniques
40
Torque Wrenches
Clicker
Type
Shop Tools and Techniques
41
Sockets
• Size of Drives
• ¼ inch
• Light duty
• ⅜ drive
• General purpose
• ½ inch drive
• General Purpose
• ¾ inch drive and above
• Industrial Applications
Shop Tools and Techniques
42
Sockets
Six Point
Eight Point
Shop Tools and Techniques
Twelve Point
43
Sockets
• Regular
• General
purpose
• Impact
• Heavy duty
• Industrial
Shop Tools and Techniques
44
Socket Accessories
Universal Joints
Various
Adapters
Shop Tools and Techniques
45
Sockets
Torx Head
Internal
Specialty
Hex Head
Torx Head External
Flare Nut Crow’s Foot
Shop Tools and Techniques
46
Socket Drivers
Rachets
Shop Tools and Techniques
47
Sockets Adjuncts
Extensions
Shop Tools and Techniques
48
Socket Accessories
Speeder Bar
Breaker Bar
Breaker Bar
Shop Tools and Techniques
49
Adjustable Wrenches
• May be adjusted to within certain range
to fit several sizes of nuts or bolt heads
• Useful for odd-size nuts or when proper
size not available
• Can slip when not properly adjusted to flats
of nut
Shop Tools and Techniques
50
Pipe Wrenches
• Made of Cast Iron, Aluminum, or
Beryllium/Copper
• Used to loosen or tighten pipe
connections
• 6” to 48”
Shop Tools and Techniques
51
Allen Setscrew Wrenches
• Commonly called
hex keys
• Hexagonal fits into
recesses of
socket head
setscrews and
capscrews
Shop Tools and Techniques
52
Allen Setscrew Wrenches
Shop Tools and Techniques
53
Pin Spanner Wrenches
• Specialized wrenches supplied by
machine tool manufacturer for use on
specific machines
• Supplied in various sizes
Shop Tools and Techniques
54
Pin Spanner Wrenches
• Fixed-face spanners position in two
fixed location holes on face of special
nut or threaded fitting on machine
Shop Tools and Techniques
55
Pin Spanner Wrenches
• Adjustable-face spanners adjust to
various positions of two holes on face of
special nut or threaded fitting on
machine
Shop Tools and Techniques
56
Pin Spanner Wrenches
• Hook-pin spanner used on
circumference of round nut
• Pin of spanner fits into hole in periphery of
nut
Shop Tools and Techniques
57
Strap Wrenches
• Specialized
wrenches for use
on pipe or large
tubing
• Supplied in
various sizes
Shop Tools and Techniques
58
Chain Wrenches
• Specialized wrenches for use on pipe
or large tubing
• Supplied in various sizes
• Similar to the Strap wrenches
Shop Tools and Techniques
59
Hints on Using Wrenches
1. Always select wrench that fits nut or
bolt properly
•
Don’t use inch on metric or vice versa
2. Pull rather than push on wrench
3. Always be sure nut is fully seated in
wrench jaw
•
Misalignment will cause slippage
4. Use wrench in same plane as nut or
bolt head
Shop Tools and Techniques
60
Pliers
• Useful for gripping and holding small
parts for certain machining operations
or when assembling parts
• Many types and sizes
• Names by shape, function or
construction
Shop Tools and Techniques
61
Types of Pliers
• Combination or slip-joint pliers
• Adjustable to grip both large and small
work
• Grip work when small holes must be
drilled or for bending or twisting light, thin
materials
Shop Tools and Techniques
62
Types of Pliers
• Side-cutting pliers
• Used mainly for cutting, gripping, and
bending of small diameter (1/8 in. or
less) rods or wires
Shop Tools and Techniques
63
Types of Pliers
• Channel-Locks
• Available in variety of
sizes
• Useful for holding just
about anything,
loosening and
tightening about
anything, and about
anything else you can
think of.
Shop Tools and Techniques
64
Types of Pliers
• Needle-nose pliers
• Available in both straight- and bent-nose
types
• Useful for holding very small parts,
positioning them in hard-to-get-at places
and bending wire
Shop Tools and Techniques
65
Types of Pliers
• Snap Ring pliers
• External Type shown
• Used to remove or install external snap
rings
Shop Tools and Techniques
66
Types of Pliers
• Snap Ring pliers
• Internal Type shown
• Used to remove or install internal snap
rings.
Shop Tools and Techniques
67
Types of Pliers
• Vise-grip pliers
• Extremely high
gripping power
because of adjustable
lever action
• Many different styles
• standard jaws, needle
jaws and C-clamp
jaws
Shop Tools and Techniques
68
Hints on Using Pliers
1. Never use pliers instead of wrench
2. Never attempt to cut large-diameter
or heat-treated material with pliers
3. Always keep pliers clean and
lubricated
Shop Tools and Techniques
69
Two Classes of Hand Tools
• Noncutting
• Cutting
Shop Tools and Techniques
70
Two Classes of Hand Tools
• Cutting
• Include saws, grinders, files, and etc.
• Used to separate, part, trim, or divide
parts
Shop Tools and Techniques
71
Sawing, Filing and Scraping
• Often necessary to perform certain
metal-cutting operations at bench or on
job
• Common tools
• Hacksaws
• Files
• Scrapers
Shop Tools and Techniques
72
Pistol-Grip Hand Hacksaw
• Solid frame rigid and will accommodate
blades of one specific length
• Adjustable frame more common and will
take blades from 10 to 12 in. long
• Wing nut provides adjustment
Shop Tools and Techniques
73
Hacksaw Blades
• High-Carbon Steel Blades
• Short lasting
• Blades relatively soft
• Blade wears quickly
• Inexpensive
• High-Speed Molybdenum or Tungstenalloy Steel Blades
• Long lasting
• Blades with hardened and tempered teeth
Shop Tools and Techniques
74
Hacksaw Blades
• Two types
• Solid blade (all-hard)
• Hardened throughout and very brittle
• Flexible blade
• Teeth hardened, while back of blade
soft and flexible
• Stand more abuse than all-hard blade,
but will not last long in general use
• Used on channel iron, tubing, copper
and aluminum
Shop Tools and Techniques
75
Blade Pitch
• Number of teeth per inch
• Manufactured in various pitches
• 14, 18, 24, and 32
• General use choice – 18 in. tooth blade
• Choose as coarse blade as possible
• Provides plenty of chip clearance and to cut through
work as quickly as possible
• Should have at least two teeth in contact with
work at all times
• Prevent work from jamming and stripping teeth
Shop Tools and Techniques
76
Guide for Proper Blade
Selection
Shop Tools and Techniques
77
Guide for Proper Blade
Selection
.
Shop Tools and Techniques
78
Guide for Proper Blade
Selection
Shop Tools and Techniques
79
Guide for Proper Blade
Selection
Shop Tools and Techniques
80
Files
• Hand cutting tool made of high-carbon
steel
• Series of teeth cut on body by parallel
chisel cuts
• Used to remove surplus metal and to
produce finished surfaces
• Manufactured in variety of types and
shapes
• Two classes: single-cut and double-cut
Shop Tools and Techniques
81
Single-cut Files
• Single row of parallel teeth
running diagonally across face
• Used when smooth finish desired
• Include mill, long-angle lathe, and saw
files
Shop Tools and Techniques
82
Double-cut Files
• Two intersecting rows of teeth
• First row coarser and called overcut
• Second row called upcut
• Hundreds of cutting teeth
• Provides for fast removal of metals and
easy clearing of chips
Shop Tools and Techniques
83
Degrees of Coarseness
• Both single- and double-cut files come
in various degrees
of coarseness
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rough
Coarse
Bastard
Second-cut
Smooth
Dead smooth
Most Common
Shop Tools and Techniques
84
Machinist Files
• Types most commonly used in shop
• Flat
• Hand
• Round
• Half-round
• Square
• Pillar
• Three-quarter
• Warding
• Knife
Shop Tools and Techniques
85
Cross-sectional Views of
Shop Files
Shop Tools and Techniques
86
Care of Files
1. Do not store files where they rub
together
•
Don’t throw into drawer with other files
2. Never use file as pry of hammer
3. Do not knock file on vise or other
metallic object to clean it
•
Use brush or file card
4. Apply pressure only on forward stroke
Shop Tools and Techniques
87
Care of Files
5. Do not press too hard on new file
•
•
Too much pressure also results in
"pinning" which scratches work
surface
Small particles get wedged between
teeth of file and clog it up
Shop Tools and Techniques
88
Rotary Files
• Teeth cut and form broken lines
• Dissipate heat of friction
• Useful for work on tough die steels,
forgings, and scaly surfaces
Shop Tools and Techniques
89
Ground Burrs
• Teeth uniform in tooth shape and size
• Unbroken flutes
• Flutes machine ground to master burr to
ensure uniformity of tooth shape and size
• May be made of high-speed steel or
carbide
• Carbide last up to 100 times
longer
Shop Tools and Techniques
90