clud (close) exclude, included,
preclude
• CLUD means close.
• To exclude is to close out; to be included is to
be admitted; and to preclude something that
might happen means to stop it, to close the
possibility before it happens!
• Spanish…includido
se (apart) separate, secede, sedition
• SE means apart.
• To separate is to put something apart; to
secede is to go apart, as the South did in the
Civil War; and sedition is exciting people to
rebel against the government!
• Spanish…sedición
plu (more) plus, pluralism, nonplused
• PLU means more.
• A plus is an addition of more; pluralism is the
belief in a society of many different groups;
and to be nonplused is to be overwhelmingly
confused, feeling like “No more, tell me no
more!”
• Spanish…pluralismo
germ (vital) germ, germinate,
germane
• GERM means vital.
• A germ is a tiny living organism; to
germinate is to become vital and grow; and a
germane idea is one that is vital to the
conversation.
• Spanish…germinar
FUS (pour) transfusion, infusion,
fusillade
• FUS means pour.
• In a transfusion, blood pours from one person
to another; in an infusion of ideas, the ideas
pour in from elsewhere; and when warships
unleash a fusillade, there is a great
outpouring of gunfire.
• Spanish…fusilería
Advanced Word: Preclude
The verb preclude (preeKLOOD) from the Latin
praecludere, contains the
stem pre (before) and clud
(close) and refers to heading
off something in advance,
closing it off as a possibility,
before it even happens. In
1911 in her novel Ethan
Frome, Edith Wharton wrote
that “for the moment his
sense of relief was so great
as to preclude all other
feelings.”
Caesar’s English II Lesson XIII
Stem
meaning example
clud
se
plu
germ
fus
close
apart
more
vital
pour
exclude, conclude
separate, secede
plus, plural
germinate, germane
transfuse, profuse
PRECLUDE : AVOID ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
secede : withdraw
seed : germinate
exclude : include
blood : transfusion
PRECLUDE : AVOID ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
secede : withdraw
seed : germinate
exclude : include
blood : transfusion
GUNS : FUSILLADE ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
separate : unify
germane : relevant
exclude : barriers
tubes : transfusion
GUNS : FUSILLADE ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
separate : unify
germane : relevant
exclude : barriers
tubes : transfusion
Find the best opposite.
NONPLUSED
a.
b.
c.
d.
germane
lucid
infused
precluded
Find the best opposite.
NONPLUSED
a.
b.
c.
d.
germane
lucid
infused
precluded
SEDITION
a.
b.
c.
d.
exclusion
patriotism
germination
treachery
SEDITION
a.
b.
c.
d.
exclusion
patriotism
germination
treachery
After the insurrection, new ideas
began to ___________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
fusillade
secede
germinate
include
After the insurrection, new ideas
began to ___________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
fusillade
secede
germinate
include
No province was permitted to
____________ from the empire.
a.
b.
c.
d.
renovate
preclude
germinate
secede
No province was permitted to
____________ from the empire.
a.
b.
c.
d.
renovate
preclude
germinate
secede
In the panic of the barbarian assault,
the legion commander was
__________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
nonplused
separate
germane
transfused
In the panic of the barbarian assault,
the legion commander was
__________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
nonplused
separate
germane
transfused
The Grammar of Vocabulary:
nonplused, an adjective.
When the generals refused, Caesar was completely nonplused.
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Caesar’s Classic Words Challenge
From Herman Melville’s Billy Budd
Nothing especially __________ to the story
occurred.
a.
b.
c.
d.
separate
precluded
germane
nonplused
Caesar’s Classic Words Challenge
From Herman Melville’s Billy Budd
Nothing especially __________ to the story
occurred.
a.
b.
c.
d.
separate
precluded
germane
nonplused
From Edith Wharton’s Ethan Frome
His sense of relief was so great as to _________
all other feelings.
a.
b.
c.
d.
separate
transfuse
germinate
preclude
From Edith Wharton’s Ethan Frome
His sense of relief was so great as to _________
all other feelings.
a.
b.
c.
d.
separate
transfuse
germinate
preclude
From Herman Melville’s Billy Budd
He was ____________, evincing a confusion.
a.
b.
c.
d.
germane
nonplused
included
pluralistic
From Herman Melville’s Billy Budd
He was ____________, evincing a confusion.
a.
b.
c.
d.
germane
nonplused
included
pluralistic