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DISTANCE AND
DIRECTION
Property of Lear Siegler
Find the airport at 31° 58’ North,
87° 20’ West
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A
B
C - Mode “C”
A
B
C
D - Dialogue
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Terminal Learning Objective
At the completion of this lesson the student will:
Action: Identify the characteristics of a course
Condition: Given a plotter and a Sectional
Aeronautical Chart
Standard: In Accordance With (IAW) Field
Manual (FM) 3-04.240
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Enabling Learning Objective (ELO) #1
Action: Select scales used for measurements
Condition: Given a plotter
Standard: IAW FM 1-240
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PLU-2/C Flight Plotter
For Sectional Charts, Use 1:500,000
SP - 4 Flight Plotter
Sectional Chart Side, 1:500,000
WARNING !!!
Do not use the 1:1,000,000
scale side of the plotter!
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Nautical Mile Scale - Top Scale
Labeled every 5 NM, 0 to 60 NM
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Nautical Mile Scale - Top Scale
Longer black increments placed every 1 NM
Shorter black increments placed every 1/2 NM
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Statute Mile Scale - Bottom Scale
Labeled every 5 SM, 0 to 70 SM
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Statute Mile Scale - Bottom Scale
Longer black increments placed every 1 SM
Shorter black increments placed every 1/2 SM
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Nautical Mile Scale – 1:500,000 Scale
Labeled every 5 NM, 0 to 55 NM
Nautical Mile Scale – Bottom Line
Longer black increments placed every 2 1/2 NM
Shorter black increments placed every 1/2 NM
Grommet
Used to center longitude/latitude lines
when measuring direction
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Direction Scales
Using longitude lines
Outer scale - use for flights in an
easterly direction, 0° to 180°
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Direction Scales
Using longitude lines
Inner scale - use for flights in an
westerly direction, 180° to 360°
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Direction Scales
Marked in 1° increments and
read from right to left,
regardless of direction of flight
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60° Direction Scales
Using latitude lines
60° scale is located inside
the two larger scales
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60° Direction Scales
Using latitude lines
Outer scales - use for flight
in a southeast, southwest
direction, 150° - 210°
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60° Direction Scales
Using latitude lines
Inner scales - use for flight
in a northeast, northwest
direction, 030° - 330°
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Questions?
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Enabling Learning Objective (ELO) #2
Action: Measure distance
Condition: Given a plotter and Sectional
Aeronautical Chart
Standard: IAW FM 1-240
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DRAWING AND MEASURING
COURSE LINES
1. Locate coordinate intersection.
2. Draw course line.
3. Measure the distance in nautical miles.
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DISTANCE
25 NM
DRAWING AND MEASURING COURSE LINES
3. Measure
1. Locate
2.the
Draw
coordinate
distance
course
inintersection.
line.
nautical miles.
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Questions?
Property of Lear Siegler
Enabling Learning Objective (ELO) #3
Action: Plot a course in degrees
Condition: Given a plotter and Sectional
Aeronautical Chart
Standard: IAW FM 1-240
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TRUE COURSE
True course is always measured
clockwise from true north to the
proposed path of flight.
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DRAWING COURSE LINES
AND MEASURING TRUE COURSE
1. Locate coordinates and draw course
line between the two points.
2. Estimate approximate direction
before measuring.
3. Slide plotter along course line using
any parallel line on the plotter until
longitude line intersects grommet.
4. Use inner/outer scale and read
direction in degrees.
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DIRECTION - 045°
NOTICE!
NORTH?
STRAIGHTEDGE
OF
SOUTH?
THE
PLOTTER MUST
SOUTHEAST?
REMAIN
PARALLEL
NORTHEAST?
TO COURSE LINE.
MEASURING TRUE COURSE
3. Slide plotter
4. Use
along
inner/outer
course line
scale
until
to
2. Estimate
1.longitude
Locate
approximate
coordinates
direction
andin
draw
before
course
measuring.
lines.
read
line intersects
direction
grommet.
degrees.
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DRAWING COURSE LINES AND
MEASURING TRUE COURSE - 60° SCALE
1. Locate coordinates and draw course
line between the two points.
2. Estimate approximate direction
before measuring.
3. Slide plotter along course line using
any parallel line on the plotter until
latitude line intersects grommet.
4. Use 60° inner/outer scale and read
direction in degrees.
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DIRECTION - 013°
NORTH?
SOUTH?
SOUTHEAST?
NORTHEAST?
MEASURING TRUE COURSE
3.4.Slide
Useplotter
60° inner/outer
along course
scale
line
to until
2. Estimate
1. Locate
approximate
coordinates
direction
and
before
course
measuring.
lines.
latitude
read direction
line intersects
in draw
degrees.
grommet.
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MARKING A COURSE LINE
1. Place a tick mark every 10 NM.
2. Label tick marks every 20 NM.
3. Select a visual check point every 15 NM.
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40
20
MARKING A COURSE LINE
2.Tick
Label
tick
marksline
every
20 10
NM.
course
every
NM.
3. 1.
Select
amark
visual
checkpoint
every
15
NM.
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DAY VFR CHECKPOINTS
1. Cities, towns, and airfields.
2. Highways and railroad intersections.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Prominent rivers and lakes.
Prominent terrain features.
Towers.
Prominent man-made features.
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NIGHT VFR CHECKPOINTS
1. Airport rotating beacons.
2. Cities and large towns.
3. Major, well traveled highways.
4. Prominent lakes and rivers if
moonlit or near large cities.
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Questions?
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Enabling Learning Objective (ELO) #4
Action: Survey route of flight for hazards
Condition: Given Sectional Aeronautical Chart
Standard: IAW FM 1-240
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SURVEYING HAZARDS
ALONG A COURSE LINE
1. Determine highest MEF.
2. Determine elevation of highest terrain.
3. Determine obstructions.
4. Determine classes and types of airspace.
5. Determine emergency airfields.
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Questions?
For light background reading: FM 3-04.240
Chapter 4 Paragraph 4-92 through 4-100
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