Logic
9th grade
Logic Week 1
• Logic: the study of arguments
• Two Main Branches: Formal (Minor) and
Material (Major)
• Formal Logic: study of the form of an argument
• Basic Model of Operation:
• Mental Act
Verbal Expression
• Simple Apprehension
Term
• Judgment
Proposition or Statement
• Deductive Inference Syllogism or Argument
Logic Week 1
• the relationship between the Mental Act and
Verbal Expression is a simple one: the Mental
Act is what is thought and occurs only in the
mind but must be turned into the Verbal
Expression in order to be shared.
Mental Act
Verbal Expression
Logic Week 1
• In a short answer explain the relationship
between Mental Act and Verbal Expression.
Logic Week 1
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Logic Review:
1. What is logic?
2. What are the branches of Logic?
3. What is Formal Logic?
4. Complete the Basic Model of Operation
5. Explain the relationship of the Basic Model
of Operation
Logic Week 2
• Simple Apprehension
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1. Sense
Perception
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2. Mental
Image
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3. Concept (abstract to
essence:notes)
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Comprehension
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*Porphyrian Tree
Logic Week 2
• Simple Apprehension:
– The act of having a simple idea and is received
through 3 steps:
• First, one perceives something (Sense Perception)
• Then, one is able to picture that thing in his or her
mind without the object being present (Mental Image)
• Finally, one is able to reduce the object in their mind to
its basic Concept.
Logic Week 2
• Mental Act
• 1.
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1.
2
3.
• 2.
• 3.
Verbal Expression
1.
2.
3.
Logic Week 3
• Comprehension—the reducing of an idea into
its concept
– Also called its essence or notes
Porphyrian Tree
• Substance: it exists either physically or as an
idea.
• Material: It has matter
• Living: Organic material
• Sentient: it can perceive the world around it.
• Rational: it is capable of abstract thinking and
communication—Mankind
Dog
• To use the Porphyrian Tree you would first
take the object being considered; then you
would go down the list.
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EX: Ask: Does it exist?
Does it take up space?
Is it living?
Is it aware of the world around it?
• To show comprehension of a dog’s existence
you would simply list all of the notes in
reverse order that applies to the idea.
• Dog: Sentient, Living, Material Substance
Practice
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Copy the following and show comprehension:
Barracuda
Iron Ore
Creeper Vines
Practice
• Copy the following and show comprehension
(list notes):
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1. dolphin
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2. pine tree
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3. copper
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4. surgeon
Extension
• Extension: The extent of what belongs to a
particular idea.
• 2 ways:
– Separating ideas from others
• Dog, Roses, Gold
• “of these three ideas, what belongs to the extension of
living things?”
– What is covered by an idea
• Dog: What belongs to this group called “Dog?”
• Answer: Every dog that is, was, or will be.
Practice
• What is the extension of a psychologist?
• What is the extension of elephant?
• Using the list from Monday, answer these
questions:
– What belongs to the extension of rational?
– What belongs to the extension of living?
Practice
• Copy the following and show comprehension (list
notes):
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1. anger
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2. lion
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3. gold
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4. fireman
• Use the list from above and answer the following:
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1. What belongs to the extension of sentient?
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2. What belongs to the extension of metals?
• What is the extension of democracy?
Practice 3/18
• Copy the following and show comprehension (list
notes):
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1. computer
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2. daisies
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3. children
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4. fish
• Use the list from above and answer the following:
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1. What belongs to the extension of machine?
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2. What belongs to the extension of plants?
• What is the extension of zebra?
Practice, 3/19
• Copy the following and show comprehension (list
notes):
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1. zebra
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2. tin
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3. gazelle
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4. palm tree
• Use the list from above and answer the following:
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1. What belongs to the extension of animal?
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2. What belongs to the extension of non-sentient
living things?
3/21 practice
• What is the extension of lion?
• Show comprehension for the following:
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1. dove
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2. love
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3. fireman
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4. gold
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5. tulip
4/8 Review
Use the following list to answer the following:
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rose bush
doctor
gold
• iron ore
oak tree building
• gazelle
kitten
anger
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• 1. What belongs to the extension of metal?
• 2. What belongs to the extension of nonsentient living things?
4/8 Review
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Complete the steps of a Simple Apprehension
1.
2.
3.
List the Properties of Simple Apprehension:
1.
2.
4/23 Logic Study
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Mental Act
Verbal Expression
Simple Apprehension
Term
Judgment
Proposition or Statement
Deductive Inference
Syllogism or
Argument
4/23 Logic Study
• Term: The verbal expression of the simple
apprehension.
– The way in which we share a simple apprehension
or idea by use of words.
• 2 Properties of term:
• Signification: number of meanings a term has.
– Univocal: one meaning
– Equivocal: more than one meaning
• Supposition: Existence of a term.
– Verbal (Material): word (exists only as a word)
– Logical: idea (exists as an idea)
– Real: Actual (exists in the actual world)
Practice
• Supposition Example: Dog
• Dog rhymes with log.
– (Verbal existence since we are using “dog” only as
a word).
• Dogs are mammals.
– (Logical existence since we are talking about the
idea of dogs and not an actual one.)
• My dog is a boxer.
– (Real existence since there actually is a dog)
Practice
• I. Copy each and state if the identified term is
used univocally or equivocally:
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1. Liquids are kept in jars./Jars can hold
peanut butter.
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2. Men are sentient./Sally is not a man.
• Copy each and state the supposition of the
underlined term:
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1. Amend rhymes with send.
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2. Animals are sentient.