初级交叉询问
Basic Cross-Examination, Part 2
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正义
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方法说明
Logistics
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的幻灯片。
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• 本培训包含两次测验。只有以80%正确率
的成绩通过测验后才能进入下一单元。
•
There are several quizzes in this training. You must pass the quizzes with a
score of at least 80% in order to continue to advance.
• 您有两次机会争取通过测验。
•
You will have two opportunities to get a passing score.
正义
方法说明
Logistics
• 准备好
Be prepared
• 尽你所能来判定证人会说什么
Do everything you can to determine what this witness will say:
– 阅读书面报告Read written reports
– 阅读任何公开报告Read any public reports
– 与当事人谈话，了解当时发生了
什么 Talk to your client about what happened
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如何交叉询问
How to Cross
– 如果可以，在开庭前、他人在场
的情况下，会见证人
– If allowed, interview the witness before the trial with someone
present
– 走访犯罪现场 Visit the crime scene
– 拍照，测量 Take photos, measurements
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准备好 Be Prepared
• 在证人作证期间认真记录
•
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Take careful notes during the witness’s testimony.
准备好 Be Prepared
证人-警察
交叉询问
Witness-Police
Cross
最初看到被害人大
并未看到李某从
叫“站住，小偷”，
指着正在跑走的张
被害人处偷走钱包
某和李某
Did not see L steal the
x
First saw the victim
yelling “stop, thief” and
pointing at Z and L
running.
wallet from the victim.
• 如果可能，请法官允许你在开始交
叉询问之前复习一下自己的笔记
If possible, ask the judge for a moment to review your notes
before you begin your cross examination.
• 用自己的笔记决定应该提出的问题
Use your notes to determine what questions you should ask.
正义
在你开始问问题之前
Before you start asking questions . . .
• 在你判定哪些问题可以帮助到当
事人之后，如何进行交叉询问也
是有一些规则的。
•
正义
These are rules for how to cross examine a witness after you
have decided that it will help your client.
The Three Rules
三条法则
• 什么是引导性问题？
•
•
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What is a leading question?
引导性问题是隐含答案意见的问题。证人必须选
择同意还是不同意。
A leading question is a question that suggests the
answer. The witness must then either agree or
disagree with the answer.
引导性问题通常导向一个准
确的回答。
• A leading question seeks a precise
answer.
正义
Rule 1. Leading questions only
只有引导性问题
例子：你昨晚吃了面条吗？
回答：是的
EXAMPLE:
“You ate noodles for dinner last night?”
ANSWER: Yes
非引导性问题则是：
你昨晚吃了什么？
A non-leading question would be:
“What did you eat for dinner last night?”
正义
例子：引导性问题
Example: A Leading Question
• 切记不要以下列字词开始交叉询问
• Never, never, never begin a cross-examination question with
words like:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
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谁
Who
什么
What
在哪里
Where
何时
When
为什么
Why
怎样
How
解释
Explain
Questions to avoid
应避免的问题
• “怎么能这么说……”
• “How can you say that….?”
• 在你指出其证言的漏洞之后又给证人机会
进行解释
• Inviting the witness to explain himself after you’ve
pointed out the holes in his testimony
• 把这留到总结陈词时
• Save it for your concluding statement
正义
Questions to avoid
应避免的问题
• 只有在你知道对问题的回答能帮助到
当事人的案件的情况下，才提问
Only ask questions which you know will give you answers that help your
client’s case
• 注意法官
Pay attention to the judge
• 不要浪费时间在无法帮助当事人的问
题上
– Do not waste time on questions that will not help your client
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有策略 的引导性问题
Leading questions are Be Strategic
• “警官，在你第一次讯问被拘留的郑
某时，他曾经提及李某并没偷钱包，
是吗？”
•
“Officer, when Mr. Zheng was first interviewed by you while
being in police custody, Mr. Zheng he said Mr. Li did not steal
the wallet, correct?”
• 坏问题: Bad Question
– “警官，你认为李某偷了钱包吗？”
“Officer, do you think Mr. Li stole the wallet?”
正义
例子 Examples
• 效率高
It is efficient.
• 得以提出对当事人有用的具体事
实 It allows you to bring out the specific facts that are useful
for your client.
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为什么这样提问？
Why ask questions this way?
• Insert quiz on creating leading
questions
• 插入引导性问题的测验
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• 对证人、法官和你都不至于太混乱
•
This is less confusing for the witness, the judge and for you.
• 坏问题示例：
•
EXAMPLE of a bad question:
• 张某，你持有钱包并且之前是你偷了，
是不是？
•
“Mr. Zhang, you had the wallet and you have stolen before, correct?”
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第二条法则 Rule 2.
一个提问，一个新事实
Get One NEW Fact Per Question
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
正义
前页幻灯片的问题可换个更好的提法
Here is a better way to ask the questions from the previous slide.
张某, 当警察逮捕你时,你持有那个钱包是吗?
Mr Zhang, when the police captured you, you had the wallet?
张某, 你之前偷过钱包是吗?
Mr. Zhang, you have previously been convicted of stealing?
张某, 当警察逮捕你时,你持有那个钱包, 而且这不是你第一次
因盗窃被拘留是吗?
Mr. Zhang, so when the police caught you with the wallet, it
was the not the first time you had been taken into custody for
stealing?
简洁 Keep it Short and Simple
•
•
•
•
交叉询问应有具体的目的
Cross-examination must have a specific purpose
必须清楚所有问题的走向
You must know where all your questions are
going to take you
• 苏格拉底曾说过:“未经审查的人生不值得
过.”
• Socrates once said “The unexamined life is not
worth living.”
• 同样,未经审查的问题也不值得问.
– It is also true that the unexamined question is not
worth asking.
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第三条法则Rule 3.
交叉询问是指向明确目标的逻辑艺术
Cross examine in a logical fashion towards a specific goal
• 简单问题是指证人愿意回答、也不
存在争议的；
Easy
questions are ones that the witness wants to answer and are not
disputed;
• 如果一开始就提出尖锐问题，证人
可能会争辩而不愿回答问题。
•
正义
If you ask challenging questions first, the witness may become
argumentative and not be willing to answer questions.
其它指引:先问简单的问题
Other pointers: Take the Easy Ones First
• 记住谎言比记住事实难
•
It is harder to remember lies than truth.
• 试着提出打乱他故事顺序的问题
•
Ask questions that change the order or sequence of his story
• 试着提出关于他故事主体中不涉及
部分的问题
•
正义
Ask questions that ask about things not included in his main story
方法
Approaches
• 在证人始料未及时回到其谎言的部分
•
Try to return to the area of the lies when the witness does not expect
you to do so.
• 说谎的证人无法对未被提问过的问题
编造答案
•
A lying witness cannot invent answers to questions he has not yet
been asked.
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方法
Approaches
正义
倾听回答
Listen to the Answer
• 交叉询问并不是以另一种方式重复直接
询问的问题
•
Cross does not involve repeating the direct examination questions in a
different way.
• 对证人要有你自己的策略
•
Have your own strategy with the witness.
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不要只是重复直接询问
Do Not Just Repeat the Direct
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别和证人吵架
Do Not Quarrel With the Witness
• 例子
• examples
正义
• 法官会记住你最后的立论
•
Your last point is what the judge will remember.
• 不要功亏一篑
•
正义
Don’t end defeated.
有力的结尾
End Strong
• 我们回到之前的李某和张某的例子.
你还记得警方记录中的信息吗?
• Lets return to one of our examples,
the case of Mr. Li and Mr. Zhang. Do
you recall the information in the
police reports?
正义
• 警方记录显示张某在被抓获时
持有钱包，且他开始时也告诉
过警察李某没有参与
•
The police report states that Mr. Zhang had the wallet when the police caught
him and Mr. Zheng first told the police that Mr. Li was not involved.
• 警方记录显示张某有盜窃的前
科，但李某没有
•
The police report states that Mr. Zhang has been in trouble for stealing before
but Mr. Li has not
正义
.
• 请记住前一张幻灯片的事实。现在我们先
回顾下张某的证词,然后就其中一个问题来
构建一个交叉询问张某的范例.
• Keeping those facts in mind, let’s review Mr.
Zhang’s testimony. Then we will create a
sample cross examination (on one issue) for
Mr. Zhang.
正义
– (检察官）：张某，你能告诉我5月5号
当你被警察拦截的时候发生了什么吗？
– (PROSECUTOR): Mr. Zhang, can you tell me what happened on the date of
May 5 when you were stopped by the police?
– 证人张某：嗯，我跟我朋友李某走在
路上，突然我发现他没在我边上。我转
过身发现他打了一个老人还抢走了他的
钱包。我很吃惊。
– WITNESS ZHANG : Yes, I was walking with my friend Mr. Li and all of a
sudden I noticed that he was not walking next to me. I turned around and
saw him hitting an old man and taking his wallet. I was very surprised.
正义
Testimony of Mr. Zhang
– 检察官）：然后发生什么了？
– (PROSECUTOR): What happened next?
– 张某：他开始跑，我也开始跑。我问他
“你为什么要那样做？”然后，突然间，
他把钱包放在我手里又继续跑。
– ZHANG: He started running and then I started running too. I was
asking him “why did you do that?” Then, all of a sudden, he put the
wallet in my hand and kept running.
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正义
– 辩护律师：张某，你说你在跑的时候，
警察拦住了你？
– DEFENSE ATTORNEY: “Mr. Zhang, you said the police stopped you when you
were running?”
– 是的 (YES)
– 而且你告诉他们发生什么了？
– And you told them what happened?
– 是的 (YES)
正义
Sample Cross of Mr. Zheng
– 你最初告诉警察李某并未参与，是
不是？
– “And you first told the police that Mr. Li was not involved, right?”
正义
• 你能问什么问题证明张某在说谎呢？
What questions could you ask to show that Mr. Zhang is lying?
– 张某，你告诉警察李某并未参与？
– “Mr. Zhang, you told the police that Mr. Li was not involved?”
– 你以前因为抢夺被抓过吗？
– “You have been caught stealing before?”
– 你持有钱包？
– “You had the wallet in your possession?”
正义
练习：你能证明张某在说谎？
Exercise: Can You Show Mr. Zhang is Lying?
正义
Summary
总结
• 交叉询问第二部分到此结束,如有需要请
继续进入高级交叉询问章节.
• This is the end of Part 2 of Basic CrossExamination. If you want, you may now
proceed to Advanced Cross Examination.
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End of Part 2
第二部分完