Ed Psych 6604
Modeling and the Social Cognitive View on
Reinforcement and Punishment
Spenser Artaiz, Lori Calabrese, Andre Celestino, Morgan McClain
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory, 1977
Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention
hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their
own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most
human behavior is learned observationally through
modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how
new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this
coded information serves as a guide for action."
Social Learning Theory focuses on the
learning that occurs within a social context.
ASSUMPTIONS OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE
THEORY
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People learn by observing others.
Learning is an internal process that may or may not result in
an obvious behavior.
Behavior is directed toward specific goals.
Motivation makes the difference in success.
Behavior becomes self-regulated.
Reinforcement and punishment have several
indirect effects on learning and behavior.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEW OF
REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT
● People form expectations about possible consequences
of a response based on how current responses are
reinforced or punished.
● Learners often base outcome expectations on existing
patterns of reinforcement, non-reinforcement and
punishment.
NONOCCURRENCE OF EXPECTED
CONSEQUENCES
● When expected rewards don’t happen, we
perceive them as punishment.
● If an expected punishment doesn’t happen,
people often feel reinforced for the behavior
● It increases the chances of the rule being
broken again.
● Teachers must follow through on promised
consequences.
EXPECTATIONS:
● are influenced by observations of
consequences other people receive
● .Vicarious Experiences.
● Vicarious Reinforcement: When we observe someone
else being reinforced for a behavior.
● Vicarious punishment: When we observe someone else
being punished for a behavior.
MODELING
-Humans are born to imitate
-Starts in infancy
-Mirror neurons in the brain become active when
learners either observe others engaging in a
behavior or when learners engage in that
behavior themselves
-Our brains are prewired to make connections
between observing and doing
-This enhances our ability to learn new skills
from the social and cultural surroundings
3 TYPES OF SOCIAL LEARNING
Live: real people we actually watch doing
something.
Symbolic: real or fictional characters seen in
TV, film, books and media.
Verbal Instructions: descriptions of how to
successfully execute certain behaviors without
another human being.
EFFECTIVE MODELS
Write the names of 5
people you admire,
whose behaviors
you would like to
imitate in some way.
Beside each name,
write down at least
one reason why you
admire them.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE
MODELS
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Competence
Prestige and Power
Gender appropriate behavior
Relevant to the learner’s own situation
HOW MODELING AFFECTS BEHAVIOR
Observational learning effect: when a child learns a new behavior after
watching model
Response facilitation effect: when a child displays a learned behavior
more often after seeing model being reinforced for behavior
Response inhibition effect: when a child displays a learned behavior
less often after seeing model punished for that behavior.
Response disinhibition effect: when a child displays a forbidden
behavior more often after seeing model do the behavior with no adverse
consequences.
SUCCESSFUL MODELING
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•Attention: the learner must pay
attention to the model
•Retention: the learner must remember what
the model does
•Motor Reproduction: the learner must be
physically capable of reproducing the modeled
behavior.
•Motivation: the learner must be motivated to
to demonstrate the modeled behavior.
THE BOBO DOLL STUDY
The Bobo Doll Study
THE BOBO DOLL STUDY
Does the violence that children observe
on TV, movies and video games lead
them to aggressive behavior?
CONCLUSIONS
Social Cognitive Theory
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-Focuses on the learning that occurs within a social/cultural context
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-Learners observe new behaviors and skills from a model
ü
ü
-They may demonstrate those skills or not
ü
- Social Cognitivists believe people and their behavior become self-regulated
(thinking before you do).
ü
ü
-Reinforcement and punishment influence an individual’s behavior only if the
learner connect the consequence to specific things he/she has done
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-Successful modeling includes attention, retention, motor reproduction, and
motivation
•
QUIZ
Mrs. Purdue believes that using demonstrations in class
will help her students better understand the concepts
that she is teaching. Mrs. Purdue most likely believes
which assumption of social-cognitive theory?
1. Learning by observation
2. Reciprocal learning
3. Self-regulation of behavior
4. Indirect effects of reinforcement and punishment
5. Goal-directed behavior
QUIZ
Mrs. Purdue believes that using demonstrations in class
will help her students better understand the concepts
that she is teaching. Mrs. Purdue most likely believes
which assumption of social-cognitive theory?
1. Learning by observation
2. Reciprocal learning
3. Self-regulation of behavior
4. Indirect effects of reinforcement and punishment
5. Goal-directed behavior
QUIZ
Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of
the mutual interaction of environment, person, and
1. Learning
2. Heredity
3. Goals
4. Behavior
5. Cognition
QUIZ
Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of
the mutual interaction of environment, person, and
1. Learning
2. Heredity
3. Goals
4. Behavior
5. Cognition
QUIZ
Emily is in middle school and tries to imitate her sister,
who plays volleyball really well. This behavior fits under
which characteristic of effective models?
1. Competence
2. Behavior relevant to the learner's own situation
3. Symbolic Modeling
4. Prestige and Power
5. Gender-appropriate behavior
QUIZ
Emily is in middle school and tries to imitate her sister,
who plays volleyball really well. This behavior fits under
which characteristic of effective models?
1. Competence
2. Behavior relevant to the learner's own situation
3. Symbolic Modeling
4. Prestige and Power
5. Gender-appropriate behavior
REFERENCES
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Ormrod, Jeanne Ellis. (2014). Educational Psychology: Developing Learners (8th
ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Nolen, Jeannette L. (2013). Bobo Doll experiment. Retrieved
from:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1567717/Bobo-doll-experiment
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS ?