 HOW DO WE REMEMBER THE LIFE PROCCESSES?
 H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R.
 WHICH ONES HAVE WE COVERED?
 NUTRITION & TRANSPORT & RESPIRATION &
*EXCRETION
 WHAT’S NEXT?
 R  REGULATION (RESPONSE)
 ORGANISMS CAN REGULATE/RESPOND
INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY
 ONE OF THE SIMPLEST FORMS OF RESPONSE TO
UNDERSTAND IS LOCOMOTION!!
 WHAT IS LOCOMOTION?
 BEING ABLE TO MOVE FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER PLACE
 MOTILE VS SESSILE??
 WHY LOCOMOTE?




FIND FOOD
FIND SHELTER
ESCAPE PREDATORS
FIND MATES 
 LOCOMOTION IN PROTISTS
 AMEBA VS PARAMECIUM
 LOCOMOTION IN PROTISTS
 AMEBA
 PSEUDOPODS
 PARAMECIUM
 CILIA & FLAGELLA
 LOCOMOTION IN THE HYDRA
 LOCOMOTION IN THE EARTHWORM
 EARTHWORM’S
POSSESS
SETAE!!!
 TINY HAIRS, OR
BRISTLES, THAT
PROVIDE TRACTION
 WATCH THIS!!!
 LOCOMOTION IN THE GRASSHOPPER
 EXOSKELETON MADE OF CHITIN
 POSSESS JOINTS (WHICH ALLOW FOR FREE RANGE
OF MOVEMENT)
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 THE HUMAN
MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM IS BROKEN INTO
TWO PARTS
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 EXAMPLES
 BICEPS
 TRICEPS
 HAMSTRINGS
 WHAT ELSE??
 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 EXAMPLES
 RIBS
 RADIUS
 FEMUR
 WHAT ELSE??
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 MADE UP OF TWO COMPONENTS
 BONE & CARTILAGE
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 WHAT PURPOSE DOES BONE SERVE?
 SITES TO ATTACH MUSCLE
 STRUCTURE AND SUPPORT
 PROTECTION
 STORAGE OF MINERALS
(CALCIUM)
 BLOOD CELL FORMATION
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 HOW DO BONES FORM?
 THEY START OUT AS “REGULAR” CELLS CALLED
OSTEOBLASTS
 OSTEOBLASTS MIX WITH COLLAGEN, CALCIUM, AND
PHOSPHATE TO CREATE A “CEMENT” THAT HARDENS
AND FORMS OSTEOCYTES (BONE CELLS)
 OSTEOCYTES ARRANGE THEMSELVES IN CONCENTRIC
CIRCLES FORMING BONES, BUT STILL ALLOWING
CIRCULATION TO OCCUR WITHIN THE BONE
 SPACE INSIDE BONE IS ALSO FILLED WITH MARROW
 MARROW (RED AND YELLOW)
 RED MARROW CREATES RBC’S, WBC’S, AND PLATELETS
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 WHAT IS CARTILAGE?
 A FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 ALL SKELETALS IN EMBRYOS START OUT AS CARTILAGE,
SLOWLY TURNS INTO BONE AS YOU GET OLDER
(OSSIFICATION)
 CHILDREN’S BONES HAVE MORE CARTILAGE, SO THEIR
BONES ARE MORE FLEXIBLE, WHICH IS WHY THEY
DON’T BREAK BONES AS EASILY
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 THE HUMAN SKELETON
 AXIAL VS APPENDICULAR
 AXIAL
 SKULL
 VERTEBRAE
 RIBS
 BREASTBONE
 APPENDICULAR
 PECTORAL GIRDLE
 PELVIC GIRDLE
 ARM BONES
 LEG BONES
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 THE HUMAN SKELETON
 JOINTS
 POINT IN THE SKELETON WHERE THE BONES MEET
 HELD TOGETHER BY LIGAMENTS
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 SKELETAL DAMAGE
 DISLOCATIONS
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 SKELETAL DAMAGE
 FRACTURES
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 UNDERSTANDING
MUSCLES IS
EXTREMELY COMPLEX,
BECAUSE IT IS
CONTROLLED
AT A MOLECULAR
LEVEL
 THE SIMPLE
EXPLANATION IS THAT
TINY FIBERS CALLED
MYOFIBRILS ARE MADE
UP OF SPECIAL PROTEINS
THAT INTERACT WITH
EACH OTHER AND CAUSE
MOVEMENT
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 MUSCLE
 THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE
 SKELETAL (STRIATED) MUSCLE
 VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
 SMOOTH MUSCLE
 INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
 CARDIAC MUSCLE
 HEART MUSCLE
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 WHAT IS A TENDON?
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BETWEEN
MUSCLE AND BONE
 WHEN MUSCLE
CONTRACTS (MOVES)
IT PULLS ON
THE TENDON WHICH
PULLS ON THE BONE,
CAUSING MOVEMENT
 LOCOMOTION IN HUMANS
 MUSCLE MOVEMENT
 CONTRACTING VS RELAXING
A
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T
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 WE JUST TALKED ABOUT VOLUNTARY AND




INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT…BUT WHAT
ACTUALLY CONTROLS MOVEMENT?
THE BRAIN!! WHICH IS PART OF THE…
….
….
NEXT CHAPTER!!