Psychiatric Mental Health
Nurses: Who Are They?
Spring 2011
Myers
Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses
What do they do?
2
Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses continued
• Psychiatric-mental health nursing
promotes mental health through:
• Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of
human responses to mental health
problems and psychiatric disorders (ANA,
APNA, ISPN, 2007)
3
Standards
• Standards of Psychiatric-Mental Health
Nursing Practice:
• Guidelines for providing quality care
4
Standards - continued
• Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
Standards of Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assessment
Diagnosis
Outcomes Identification
Planning
5
Standards - continued
• Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Standards
of Practice
5. Implementation
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Coordination of Care
Health Teaching and Health Promotion
Milieu Therapy
Phamacological, Biological, and Integrative Therapies
Prescriptive Authority and Treatment (APRN only)
Psychotherapy (APRN only)
Consultation (APRN only)
6. Evaluation
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Standards - continued
• Standards of Professional Performance
7. Quality of Practice
8. Education
9. Professional Practice Evaluation
10. Collegiality
11. Collaboration
12. Ethics
13. Research
14. Resource Utilization
15. Leadership
7
Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses
• Generalist level
• Advanced practice level
• Prescriptive authority
• Psychotherapy
• Consultation
8
The Psychiatric-Mental Health
Team
• Psychiatric-mental health nurse
• Psychiatrist
• Clinical psychologist
• Psychiatric social worker
9
The Psychiatric-Mental Health Team continued
• Marriage and family therapist
• Occupational therapist
• Recreational therapist
• Creative arts therapist
• Psychosocial rehabilitation worker
10
Effective Mental Health Services
Client
Partnerships
PMH Team
Family
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Health Care Team Members
• Maximizers
• Rivalists
• Cooperators
12
Lessons on Collaboration
• “Know thyself”
• Value diversity
• Know that conflict is natural
• Share your power with others
• Master communication skills
13
Lessons on Collaboration continued
• Think life-long learning.
• Embrace interdisciplinary situations.
• Appreciate spontaneity.
• Balance unity with autonomy.
14
The Role of the PsychiatricMental Health Nurse
Custodial
Multifaceted
15
Early Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(19th century)
• First school of nursing
• Florence Nightingale’s thoughts
• American nursing schools
16
Early Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(19th century) - continued
• “First American psychiatric nurse”
• Single-focused training schools
• Custodial, mechanistic, directed by
psychiatrists
17
Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(1900-1940)
• Psychiatric nursing curricula
• Psychiatric nursing texts
• Single-focus psychiatric nursing schools
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Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(1940-1990)
• Nurses begin to educate nurses.
• Psychiatric theory includes
interpersonal and emotional
dimensions.
• National Mental Health Act of 1946
• Elimination of single-focus psychiatric
nursing schools
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Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(1940-1990) - continued
• Period of role clarification
• Hildegard Peplau
• Gwen Tudor
• Frances Sleeper
• Community Mental Health Centers Act
of 1963
• Psychiatric nursing journals
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Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(1940-1990) - continued
• Birth of clinical nurse specialists and
nurse therapist role
• First standards of psychiatric-mental
health nursing practice
• Increase role of nurses at national level
• Shift in psychiatric nursing toward
humanistic interactionism
21
Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(1940-1990) - continued
• Decrease in numbers of psychiatric
nurses
• Decreased funding for training
• Psychiatric nursing diagnoses
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Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(1990s) - Decade of the Brain
• Psychobiologic concepts
• Nursing Psychopharmacology Project
• Health care delivery reform
• Outcome-based research
• Cultural diversity
• Integration of theoretical perspectives
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Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
(2000s) - The New Millennium
• Standards of practice – revisions
• Knowledge explosion
• Renewed focus on physical health
• Single point of entry
• Advanced practice nurses
• Expansion of practice settings
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Nursing Theories
• Assist nurses to:
• Organize assessment data
• Identify problems
• Plan interventions
• Generate goals and actions
• Evaluate outcomes
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Nursing Theories Impacting Psychiatric
Nursing
•
•
•
•
•
Hildegard Peplau
Dorothea Orem
Martha Rogers
Sister Callista Roy
Ida Jean Orlando
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Nursing Theories Impacting Psychiatric
Nursing - continued
•
•
•
•
•
Ernestine Wiedenbach
Joyce Travelbee
Paterson and Zderad
Jean Watson
Patricia Benner
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Nursing Theories - Value
• Nursing practice vs. medical practice
• Caring vs. curing
• Interpretation of meaning
• Nurse-client relationship
• Advocacy of client dignity
• Advocacy of nurse authenticity
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Application of Theoretical
Frameworks
• Application of various theoretical
frameworks leads to:
• Quality client-centered care.
• Efficient use of resources.
• Practice-oriented research.
• Clinical judgments and actions that can be
articulated and taught to others.
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