大学本科STEM教育理想实践 - 东北师范大学教师教学发展中心

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大学本科STEM教育理想实践:
一种理想的课程设计
2011高校教师发展国际研讨会
东北师范大学
Jeffrey E. Froyd
TEES Research Professor
Director of Faculty and Organizational Development
Office of the Dean of Faculties and Associate Provost
Texas A&M University
froyd@tamu.edu
设计过程中包含哪些更富影响力的阶段?
需求分析
需求设计
概念设计
具象设计
精细设计
课程设计
先前知识?
课程学习后,学生能
接下来的课程中
课程
学习结果
够学会什么,会形成
要做哪些改变?
怎样的思维方式?
反思/记录
你的
期望
课程档案
学生达到学习结果/获得学习
有哪些证据表明学
成功了吗?
我的教学中哪些是成功的?哪
些是不成功的?
利用“思考-分享”配对
示范、演示
写反思
讲课
模型思维
生和教师取得了成
功?
我在教学中要如何
教学,以促进学生
的学习?
德克萨斯教学卓越中心
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家庭作业
考试
档案袋
汇报
书面报告
课程调查数据
课程设计的理想实践有哪些?
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第1: 学习结果
第2: 以小组为单位组织学生
第3: 设计课内活动以激发学生的学习热情
第4: 以场景为单位组织学习内容
第5: 系统化的形成性评价
第6: 本科生研究
第7: 组织学生形成学习共同体
第8: 由教师单向传递向生师互动转变
理想实践1
学习结果
• 高校教师实施起来容易吗?
– 容易,受到强烈支持
• 学生的学习会提高吗?
– 会,有很多实施研究支持这个结果,但还没有
对比研究的数据
• 提供了不同于以下陈述的另一种方式:
• 陈述课程所覆盖的内容主题
理想实践1
学习结果
• 编写学习结果的指南:
– 使用学习者(学生)作为行动主体,如,学习
者能够…
– 使用能够描述可观察的结果的动词,如,解决、
评估、计划、组织…
– 避免使用描述内部心理状态的动词,如,理解、
学会、欣赏、估量价值…
理想实践1
学习结果
• 人们通常期望STEM毕业生具有以下能力
– 批判性思维
– 自我评估(终身学习的组成部分)
– 综合的、跨学科的思维
– 创新/设计
– 系统思维
–…
• 挑战:这些能力没有用具体的词汇清楚地
表征出来
理想实践1
学习结果
• 批判性思维
– Susan Wolcott, http://www.wolcottlynch.com
• 自我评估
– Alverno College, http://depts.alverno.edu/saal/selfassess.html
• 综合的、跨学科思维
– (Boix Mansilla & Duraisingh, 2007)
• 创新/设计
–?
• 系统思维
–?
Boix Mansilla, V., and Duraisingh, E. D. (2007). Targeted Assessment of Students' Interdisciplinary Work: An
Empirically Grounded Framework Proposed, The Journal of Higher Education, 78(2), 215–237
理想实践2
以小组为单位组织学生
• 高校教师实施起来容易吗?
– 容易,受到强烈支持,但高校教师需要新知识
和新技能
• 学生的学习会提高吗?
– 会,受到强烈支持,有对比研究和大量的实施
研究结果
• 提供了不同于以下陈述的另一种方式:
• 学生个体学习、做事,不断竞争
理想实践2
以小组为单位组织学生
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Springer, L., Stanne, M. E., and Donovan, S. S. (1999). Effects of small-group learning on undergraduates in science, mathematics,
engineering, and technology: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 69(1), 21–51.
Wage, K. E., Buck, J. R., Wright, C. H. G., and Welch, T. B. (2005). The Signals and Systems Concept Inventory. IEEE Transactions on
Education, 48(3), 448–461
Buck, J. R., and Wage, K. E. (2005). Active and Cooperative Learning in Signal Processing Courses. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,
22(2), 76–81
Crouch, C.H., and Mazur, E. (2001). Peer Instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970–977
Wright, J.C., Millar, S.B., Kosciuk, S.A., Penberthy, D. L., Williams, P.H., and Wampold, B.E. (1998). A Novel Strategy for Assessing the
Effects of Curriculum Reform on Student Competence. Journal of Chemical Education, 85(8), 986¬–992
Prince, M. (2004). Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research. Journal of Engineering Education, 93(3), 223–231
Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., and Smith, K. A. (1998). Cooperative Learning Returns to College: What Evidence Is There That It Works?
Change, 30(4), 26–35
Bowen, C. W. (2000). A Quantitative Literature Review of Cooperative Learning Effects on High School and College Chemistry
Achievement. Journal of Chemical Education, 77(1), 116–119
Felder, R. M., Felder, G. N., and Dietz, E. J. (1998). A Longitudinal Study of Engineering Student Performance and Retention. V.
Comparisons with Traditionally-Taught Students. Journal of Engineering Education, 98(4), 469–480
Terenzini, P. T., Cabrera, A. F., Colbeck, C. L., Parente, J. M., and Bjorklund, S. A. (2001). Collaborative Learning vs. Lecture/Discussion:
Students' Reported Learning Gains. Journal of Engineering Education, 90(1), 123–130
Bonsangue, M. (1994). An efficacy study of the calculus workshop model. CBMS Issues in Collegiate Mathematics Education, 4,
Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 117–137
Beichner, R. J., Saul, J. M., Abbott, D. S., Morse, J. J., Deardorff, D. L., Allain, R. J., Bonham, J. W., Dancy, M. H., and Risley, J. S. (2007).
The Student-Centered Activities for Large Enrollment Undergraduate Programs (SCALE-UP) Project. Retrieved August 27, 2007, from
http://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=4517&DocID=183
Tien, L. T., Roth, V., and Kampmeier, J. A. (2001). Implementation of a Peer-Led Team Learning Instructional Approach in an
Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Course. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 39(7), 606–632
Born, W. K., Revelle, W., and Pinto, L. H. (2002). Improving Biology Performance with Workshop Groups. Journal of Science Education
and Technology, 11(4), 347– 365
理想实践 2
以小组为单位组织学生
• 这种措施有哪些实例?
– 拼图学习(Jigsaw)
– 伙伴学习(Paired)、出声思维、问题解决
– 团队项目
理想实践3
设计课内活动以激发学生学习热情
• 高校教师实施起来容易吗?
– 容易,受到强烈支持,但高校教师需要新知识
和新技能
• 学生的学习会提高吗?
– 会,受到强烈支持,有对比研究和大量的实施
研究结果
• 提供了不同于以下陈述的另一种方式:
• 高校教师通过讲授传递学习内容,学生只能在
课外活动中接触到富有挑战性的任务
理想实践 3
设计课内活动以激发学生的学习热情
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Crouch, C.H., and Mazur, E. (2001). Peer Instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of
Physics, 69(9), 970–977.
Burrowes, P. A. (2003). A Student-Centered Approach to Teaching General Biology That Really Works: Lord's
Constructivist Model Put to a Test. The American Biology Teacher, 65(7), 491–502.
Laws, P., Sokoloff, D., and Thornton, R. (1999). Promoting Active Learning Using the Results of Physics Education
Research. UniServe Science News, 13, Retrieved 4 September 2006 from
http://science.uniserve.edu.au/newsletter/vol13/sokoloff.html
Redish, E. F., Saul, J. M., and Steinberg, R. N. (1997). On the effectiveness of active-engagement microcomputerbased laboratories. American Journal of Physics, 65(1), 45–54.
Cummings, K., Marx, J., Thornton, R., and Kuhl, D. (1999). Evaluating innovations in studio physics. American
Journal of Physics, 67 (supplement 1 to no. 7), S38–S44.
Hoellwarth, C., Moelter, M. J., and Knight, R. D. (2005). A direct comparison of conceptual learning and problem
solving ability in traditional and studio style classrooms. American Journal of Physics, 73(5), 459–462.
Michael, J. (2006). Where’s the evidence that active learning works? Advances in Physiology Education, 30, 159–
167.
Knight, J. K., and Wood, W. B. (2005). Teaching More by Lecturing Less. Cell Biology Education, 4, 298–310.
Freeman, S., O’Connor, E., Parks, J. W., Cunningham, M., Hurley, D., Haak, D., Dirks, C., and Wenderoth, M. P.,
(2007). Prescribed Active Learning Increases Performance in Introductory Biology. Cell Biology Education, 6, 132–
139.
理想实践 3
设计课内活动以激发学生的学习热情
• 这种措施实施的实例有哪些?
– “思考-分享”配对(Think – Pair – Share)
– 同伴教学 (Mazur, 1997)
– 一分钟报告(Stead, 2005)
– 合作学习结构
–…
Mazur, E. (1997). Peer Instruction: A User’s Manual. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Stead, D. R. (2005). A review of the one-minute paper. Active Learning in Higher Education,
6(2), 118–131.
理想实践 4
基于情景组织学习内容
• 高校教师能实施吗?
– 能,需要花费精力和时间重新设计课程
• 学生的学习会提高吗?
– 会,受到支持,有对比研究和大量的实施研究
• 提供了不同于以下陈述的另一种方式:
• 按照概念递进的逻辑顺序组织学习主题
理想实践 4
基于情景组织学习内容
• 类别
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探究学习
基于问题的学习
基于项目的学习
基于挑战的学习
• – VaNTH 工程研究中心
(Cordray, et al., 2003)
– 模型范例活动(Modeleliciting activities)
– 提问导向的教学(Beatty,
et al., 2008)
• 不同活动性质有不同
场景:
– 活动时长
– 活动中的支持水平
(Kirschner, Sweller, &
Clark, 2006; Mayer, 2004)
– 开发场景的指导
Cordray, D. S., Pion, G. M., Harris, A., & Norris, P. (2003). The value of the VaNTH Engineering Research
Center: Assessing and evaluating the effects of educational innovations on large educational research
projects in bioengineering. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 22, 47–54.
Beatty, I. D., Leonard, W. J., Gerace, W. J., Dufresne (2006). Question Driven Instruction: Teaching
Science (Well) with an Audience Response System. In Banks, D. A. (ed.) Audience Response Systems in
Higher Education: Applications and Cases, Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing.
Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J, and Clark, R. E. (2006). Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not
Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and InquiryBased Teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75–86.
Mayer, R. E. (2004). Should There Be a Three-Strikes Rule Against Pure Discovery Learning? The Case for
Guided Methods of Instruction. American Psychologist, 59(1), 14–19.
理想实践 4
基于情景组织学习内容
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Prince, M. J., and Felder, R. M. (2006). Inductive Teaching and Learning Methods: Definitions,
Comparisons, and Research Bases. Journal of Engineering Education, 95(2), 123–138.
Prince, M., and Felder, R. (2007). The Many Faces of Inductive Teaching and Learning. Journal
of College Science Teaching, 36(5), 14–20
Dochy, F., Segers M., Van den Bossche, P., and Gijbels, D. (2003). Effects of Problem-Based
Learning: A Meta-Analysis. Learning and Instruction, 13, 533–568
Gijbels, D., Dochy, F., Van den Bossche, P., and Segers, M. (2005). Effects of Problem-Based
Learning: A Meta-Analysis from the Angle of Assessment. Review of Educational Research,
75(1), 27–61
Vernon, D. T. A., and Blake, R. L. (1993). Does Problem-Based Learning Work? A Meta-Analysis
of Evaluative Research. Academic Medicine, 68, 550–563.
Capon, N., and Kuhn, D. (2004). What's So Good About Problem-Based Learning? Cognition
and Instruction, 22(1), 61–79
Farrell, J. J., Moog, R. S., and Spencer, J. N. (1999). A Guided Inquiry General Chemistry
Course. Journal of Chemical Education, 74(4), 570–574
Lewis, S. E., and Lewis, J. E. (2005). Departing from Lectures: An Evaluation of a Peer-Led
Guided Inquiry Alternative. Journal of Chemical Education, 82(1), 135–139
Roselli, R. J., and Brophy, S. P. (2006). Effectiveness of Challenge-Based Instruction in
Biomechanics. Journal of Engineering Education, 95(4), 311–324.
理想实践 5
通过系统化形成性评价获得反馈
• 高校教师能实施吗?
– 能,需要花费精力和时间重新设计课程
• 学生的学习会提高吗?
– 会,受到一般性支持,有对比研究和一些实施
研究结果
• 提供了不同于以下陈述的另一种方式:
• 注重向学生解释概念和过程,学生很少有机会
表现
理想实践 5
通过系统化形成性评价获得反馈
• “近来有评论(Black and William, 1998)指出,如
果能够恰当应用课堂形成性评价,它将会对学
习产生积极的影响.....如果学生在反馈中得到
了更为细致的评价结果和其今后学习的建议,
他们会学得更多” (National Research Council,
2001)
• National Research Council (2001). Knowing What Students Know: The
Science and Design of Educational Assessment. Washington, DC: National
Academies Press.
• Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and Classroom Learning.
Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7–74.
理想实践 5
通过系统化形成性评价获得反馈
• 形成性反馈的方法
– 课堂评价技术 (Angelo & Cross, 1993)
• 一分钟报告(Stead, 2006)
– 课堂反应系统
• 总结 (Fies & Marshall, 2006)
• 同伴教学(Mazur, 1997; Crouch & Mazur, 2001)
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Angelo, T. A., & Cross, P. K. (1993). Classroom Assessment Techniques: A Handbook for College
Teachers (Second ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Stead, D. R. (2005). A review of the one-minute paper. Active Learning in Higher Education,
6(2), 118–131.
Fies, C., & Marshall, J. (2006). Classroom Response Systems: A Review of the Literature.
Journal of Science Education and Technology, 15(1), 101–109.
Mazur, E. (1997). Peer Instruction: A User's Manual. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Crouch, C.H., and Mazur, E. (2001). Peer Instruction: Ten years of experience and results.
American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970–977
理想实践 6
本科生参与研究
• 高校教师能实施吗?
– 有小部分能,一对一的关系需要某些重要资源,
其他模式也许会提供更多的学生参与的机会
• 学生的学习会提高吗?
– 会,受到一般性支持,有一些实施研究结果,
但没有对比研究结果
• 提供了不同于以下陈述的另一种方式:
• 学生只是解决教科书上各个章节结尾部分提供
的问题
理想实践 6
本科生参与研究
• Seymour, E., Hunter, A.-B., Laursen, S. L., and Diatonic, T. (2004).
Establishing the Benefits of Research Experiences for
Undergraduates in the Sciences: First Findings from a Three-Year
Study. Science Education, 88, 493–534.
• Lopatto, D. (2004). Survey of Undergraduate Research Experiences
(SURE): First Findings. Cell Biology Education, 3, 270–277..
• Hunter, A.-B., Laursen, S. L., and Seymour, E. (2007). Becoming a
Scientist: The Role of Undergraduate Research in Students’
Cognitive, Personal, and Professional Development. Science
Education, 91, 36–74.
• Russell, S. H., Hancock, M. P., and McCullough, J. (2007). Benefits of
Undergraduate Research Experiences. Science, 316, 548–549.
理想实践 7
组织学生形成学习共同体
• 学习共同体: 一个或多个结构性的(教学意义上的)
机制,帮助学生建立各个课程之间的联系
– 建立概念、观点、技能和技巧等的关联与联系
– 建立社会性关联
• “在高等教育中,课程学习共同体是在一定的学习期间内,通过一个
跨学科的主题将一大帮学生聚集并联系在一起的群体。建立课程学习
共同体的方法有很多,但所有的课程学习共同体都是为了重整学习时
间、学分、学习体验而建立的包括师生关系、生生关系、各学科间的
关系的共同体。” (http://www.evergreen.edu/washcenter/lcfaq.htm)
理想实践 7
组织学生形成学习共同体
• 高校教师能实施吗?
– 能, 但需要系内或跨系之间的教师合作,单个教师
无法实施
• 学生的学习会提高吗?
– 会,受到一般性支持,有一些对比研究结果和实施
研究结果
• 提供了不同于以下陈述的另一种方式:
• S学生分成不同的组,参与不同的课程,课程与课
程之间没有建立概念间的联系,课程与课程之间也
不建立关联
理想实践 7
组织学生形成学习共同体
• Froyd, J., and Ohland, M. (2005). Integrated Engineering Curricula, Journal
of Engineering Education, 94(1), 147–164.
• Taylor, K., Moore, W. S., MacGregor, J., & Lindblad, J. (Eds.). (2003).
Learning Community Research and Assessment: What We Know Now.
Olympia, WA: The Evergreen State College, Washington Center for
Improving the Quality of Undergraduate Education, in cooperation with
the American Association for Higher Education.
• Smith, B. L., MacGregor, J., Matthews, R., and Gabelnick, F. (2004).
Learning Communities: Reforming Undergraduate Education. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
理想实践 8
由教师单向传递向生师互动转变
• 要求学生主动与教师建立联系,并能利用
多种沟通渠道保持联系
– 高校教师能做到吗?
• 能, 要想有更多学生注册某门课程可能更富挑战性
– 学生的学习会提高吗?
• 也许会,有些实施研究结果,但对比研究鲜为人知
• 有关师生关系的价值的文献会对此结论提供证据支
持
• 提供了不同于以下陈述的另一种形式:
• 等待学生来向教师提问
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