COMMERCIAL BUILDING
ENERGY AUDITS PRESENTATION
for
NEW MEXICO ASSOCIATION
OF ENERGY ENGINEERS
Albuquerque, New Mexico
February 22, 2011
by
Donald E. Swick, PE
COMMERCIAL BUILDING
ENERGY AUDITS PRESENTATION
Following
ASHRAE Procedures for
Commercial Building Energy Audits
Published by ASHRAE in 2004
•
Research Project 669 developed standard
format for reporting results of analysis.
•
Special Project 56 developed scope of work
for various levels of analysis.
GOALS OF TRAINING
SESSION
•Understand
current demand for Energy Audits
•Define four levels of energy audits and application
• Know level of effort expected for each type of audit
•Understand Energy Star Target Finder benchmarking
•Know limitations of simple payback energy analysis
•Exposure to various energy analysis software tools
•Awareness of requirements for life cycle cost analysis
•Identify final Report presentation requirements
ENERGY AUDIT OBJECTIVES
The objectives of an energy analysis or audit are to
identify and develop modifications that will reduce the
energy use and/or cost of operating a building. The
results should be presented in a format that will provide
the information needed by an owner/operator to decide if
any or all of the recommended modifications should be
implemented.
CURRENT DRIVERS FOR
ENERGY AUDIT SERVICES
Demand for energy audit services can be attributed to
one or more of the following items:
1. Increasing impact of utility costs on overall operation
cost of buildings
2. Competitive real estate market now including energy
ranking as a factor in purchasing a building.
3. State and local energy conservation codes requiring
higher efficiency for new construction, and building
additions or retrofit projects
4. Federal, state and local governments and corporate
policies demands construction and occupancy in
“LEED Certified or Green Buildings”
BUILDING ENERGY CODES
AND STANDARDS
10 COMMON PROBLEMS IN
ENERGY AUDITS
Reference ASHRAE Journal February 2011
10. Inadequate review (30% of Audits)
9. Overestimated savings (53% of Audits)
8. In adequate billing analysis (57% of Audits)
7. Poor Building description (60% of Audits)
6. Low (or missing) installed costs (60% of
Audits)
10 COMMON PROBLEMS IN
ENERGY AUDITS
Reference ASHRAE Journal February 2011
5. Poor improvement selection (63% of
Audits)
4. No Life-cycle costing (73% of Audits)
3. Improvement life too long or not provided
(73% of Audits)
2. Weak improvement scope (77% of Audits)
1. Missed improvements (80% of Audits)
10 COMMON PROBLEMS IN
ENERGY AUDITS
Neglected at least three improvement
•High efficiency HVAC
•High efficiency Domestic Hot Water
•High efficiency Lighting
•Lighting Power Density
•Lighting Control
•Wall or Roof Insulation
•Motor Drives
•HVAC Controls
•Fenestration Treatment
KEY ELEMENTS OF AUDIT
1. Analysis of current energy consumption.
2. Description and analysis of existing energy
using systems.
3. Presentation of engineering and economic
analysis.
ANALYSIS OF CURRENT
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Obtain two or more years of utility data, review building
plans and conduct site walk-through to establish:
1. Type building, principal use, and floor area, ft2
2. Annual Energy Utilization Index, kBtu / ft2
3. Annual Energy Cost Index, $ / ft2
4. Breakdown spaces by function, use and area.
5. Determine maintenance problems or practices
affecting energy efficiency
6. Conduct Benchmarking to compare energy and cost
indices with similar facilities
DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS
OF EXISTING ENERGY SYSTEMS
Description and analysis of the energy-using systems of this building,
resulting from on-site observations, measurement, and engineering
calculation, including:
1.
Envelope (wall, roof, floor, slab, windows, doors skylights)
2.
Lighting (interior and exterior)
3.
HVAC
4.
Domestic hot water
5.
Equipment
6.
Food preparation
7.
Conveying systems
8.
Other systems
PRESENTATION OF ENERGY
AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
As result of engineering analysis and economic calculations, develop:
1.
Breakdown of the components of annual energy use and cost
2.
Recommended energy conservation measures including
predicted savings and cost to implement
3.
Description and cost estimate of necessary repairs in order for
energy conservation measures to be effective
4.
A description and cost estimated of measurement and
verification methods needed to determine project effectiveness
5.
Energy analysis summary
•
•
Present and target energy use and cost
Savings from recommended measures and comparison
to ultimate target
PROCEDURES FOR ENERGY
AUDIT AND ANLYSIS
Provide sufficient information for the owner/operator to understand:
1.
Breakdown of the components of annual energy use and cost
2.
Need to commit necessary resources for building energy costs,
operation and maintenance costs including personnel, and any
energy efficiency capital improvement projects
3.
Appropriateness of recommended measures, based on
institutional and organization issues (i.e. regulatory environment,
financial options, and occupant requirements)
4.
Understand different levels of energy analysis can be performed
based on specific purpose of owner from simple ranking of
building energy usage, to contemplating major energy-saving
capital improvements requiring significant level of confidence in
results of engineering and economic analysis
CATEGORIES OF ENERGY AUDIT
AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
As result of various needs of building owner, the
levels of analysis are organized into the following
categories:
1. Preliminary Energy Use Analysis
2. Level I Analysis – Walk-Through Analysis
3. Level II Analysis – Energy Survey and Analysis
4. Level III Analysis – Detailed Analysis of Capital
Intensive Modifications
PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE
ANALYSIS -DETAILS
1.
Potential Owner Interface and Information
•
Executive Management - Corporate goals
•
Facility Managers - Drawing, maintenance
policies, previous energy conservation
projects, schedule of facilities.
PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE
ANALYSIS -DETAILS
2.
Review of Utility Data
• Show examples of data for various facilities
and explain what we can determine from
the data about a facility
• Determine potential local utility rebate
programs
PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE
ANALYSIS -DETAILS
2.
EPA Energy Star Benchmarking
• Demonstrate Energy Star Target
Finder analysis (based on U.S. Energy
Information Administration - Commercial
Buildings Energy Consumption Survey)
•
https://www.energystar.gov/istar/pmpam/
PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE
ANALYSIS -DETAILS
2.
EPA Energy Star Benchmarking
• Demonstrate Energy Star Target
Finder analysis (based on U.S. Energy
Information Administration - Commercial
Buildings Energy Consumption Survey)
•
•http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bld
g_design.bus_target_finder
ENERGY STAR
TARGET FINDER
PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE
ANALYSIS -DETAILS
EPA Energy Star Benchmarking
• U.S. Energy Information Administration Commercial Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/de
tailed_tables_2003/detailed_tables_2003.html#co
nsumexpen03
2.
PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE
ANALYSIS - REPORT
Provide description of facility, occupancy,
usage and floor area.
2. Present Summary Table / Graph of Utility Bills
1.
•
Annual totals per fuel, average cost ($/unit) and
cost per sq. ft. floor area
Present results of Energy Star Target Finder
4. Present preliminary list of potential operation,
maintenance and energy efficiency projects
for further analysis.
3.
LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK
THROUGH SERVICE -DETAILS
Complete steps of a Preliminary Audit.
2. Potential Owner Interface and Information
1.
•
Facility Managers - Compare drawing to actual
facility conditions, ask about equipment
replacement plans, maintenance procedures,
effectiveness of previous energy conservation
projects, operation and schedule of equipment and
facilities.
LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK
THROUGH SERVICE -DETAILS
3.
Existing Building Survey Information - Review
drawings and documentation
• Envelope components (Wall Roof, Floor,
Windows, Doors, Skylights, etc.)
• HVAC Systems equipment components
and control strategies
• Lighting fixture types and controls
• Other energy usage systems
• Occupancy information
LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK
THROUGH SERVICE -DETAILS
4.
Identify savings and cost analysis for low
cost/no cost measures
• Lighting retrofits having fastest payback
• Better controls systems or strategies
• Obvious energy wasting operation (i.e.
malfunctioning equipment, simultaneous
heating and cooling)
• Include utility rebates in cost analysis
LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK
THROUGH SERVICE -DETAILS
5.
Provide a list of potential capital improvement
measures (further analysis required)
• Building envelope feature (i.e. tinting or
insulated windows, better roof insulation)
• HVAC retrofits including higher efficiency
equipment,VFD for fans and pumps,
improved building automation controls)
•
Lighting retrofit requiring significant investment
such as LED light sources, high bay and light poles.
LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK
THROUGH SERVICE - REPORT
Provide description of facility, occupancy,
usage and floor area.
2. Present Summary Table / Graph of Utility Bills
Annual totals per fuel, average cost ($/unit)
and cost per sq. ft. floor area
3. Quantify savings potential of changing eligible
alternate fuel rate structures.
4. Present results of Energy Star Target Finder
1.
LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK
THROUGH SERVICE - REPORT
Summary of special problems or needs
identified for operational or maintenance
procedures.
6. Preliminary end use energy breakdown
estimate of major energy using components
of the building.
5.
LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK
THROUGH SERVICE - REPORT
List of low cost/no cost savings estimate of
energy savings.
8. List of potential capital improvement projects
with initial estimate of energy savings and
installation costs.
7.
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Complete steps of a Level I Walk Through
Analysis services
2. Potential Owner Interface and Information
1.
1.
•
Executive Managemenr - Corporate financial
criteria and guidelines
Facility Managers - Discuss potential energy
conservation projects to compliment equipment
replacement plans, anticipated changes to
operation and schedule of equipment and facilities.
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
2.
Potential Owner Interface and Information
(cont.)
•
Operators and Technicians - Status of current
equipment, validation of operational controls,
existing problems areas, actual maintenance level
of implementation, and modification not shown on
drawings
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
3.
Existing Building On-Site Survey Information,
validate drawings and other documentation
•
•
•
•
Envelope components (Wall Roof, Floor, Windows,
Doors, Skylights, etc.)
HVAC Systems components and control
strategies and setpoints
Lighting fixture types, quantities and controls
Equipment schedules , space and occupancy
information
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
4.
Breakdown of energy use within building
•
•
Provide estimate based on Commercial Buildings
Energy Consumption Survey data from the U.S.
Energy Information Administration
Conduct preliminary energy analysis with energy
simulation software (i.e eQuest, Trane Tracer or
Carrier HAP-Wizard level).
SELECTION OF ENERGY
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/qualified_software.html
eQuest ENERGY ANALYSIS
SOFTWARE
5.
http://doe2.com/equest/index.html
TRANE TRACE 700 ENERGY
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
http://www.trane.com/Commercial/DNA/View.aspx?i=1136
CARRIER HAP ENERGY
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
http://www.commercial.carrier.com/commercial/hvac/general/0%2C%
2CCLI1_DIV12_ETI496_MID4355%2C00.html
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Identify recommended changes to operation
and maintenance activities
6. Provide energy savings and cost analysis (i.e.
simple payback) of practical measures that
meet owners constraints and capital
improvement criteria
5.
•
Building envelope feature (i.e. tinting or insulated
windows, skylights)
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
6.
Provide energy savings and cost analysis (cont.)
•
HVAC retrofits involving complete replacement of
existing systems including higher efficiency
equipment,VFD for fans and pumps, improved
building automation controls
•
Lighting retrofit replacing MV or HID High bay
fixtures with T5 Reflective High bay Fixtures or
LED lamps for more efficient lamp/fixture
systems.
•
Include utility rebates in cost analysis
ABB FAN SAVER SOFTWARE
5.
http://www.abb.com/product/seitp322/5b6810a0e20d157fc1
256f2d00338395.aspx
ABB PUMP SAVER SOFTWARE
5.
http://www.abb.com/product/seitp322/5fcd62536739a42bc12574
b70043c53a.aspx
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
7.
Provide a list of capital intensive improvement
that require further data and analysis.
•
Building envelope feature (i.e. better wall or roof
insulation)
•
HVAC retrofits involving complete
replacement of existing systems and
significant upgrades to building automation
controls).
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
7.
Provide a list of capital intensive improvement
that require further data and analysis (cont.)
• Lighting retrofit requiring significant
investment such as LED light sources for
high bay and light poles.
• Alternative energy generation systems like
geothermal, solar PV, solar hot water, and
wind energy.
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS - REPORT
Provide summary of energy use and cost
associated with each major component.
Specify Computer software analysis utilized.
Compare actual total utility usage and
calculated energy estimates.
2. Provide description of building including floor
plans, and inventories of major equipment
(place details in Appendices)
1.
eQUEST ENERGY ANALYSIS USE
ANNUAL BREAKDOWN REPORT
eQUEST ENERGY ANALYSIS USE
MONTHLY BREAKDOWN REPORT
eQUEST ENERGY ANALYSIS USE
MONTHLY PEAK LOAD REPORT
eQUEST ENERGY ANALYSIS USE
MONTHLY FUEL COST REPORT
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS - REPORT
List measure that are impractical or not
applicable for the facility
4. Provide discussion of recommended energy
conservation measures
3.
•
•
•
•
•
Existing situation now wasting energy
Measures impact on health, safety and comfort
Required repairs of existing equipment
Impact on occupants, O&M procedures and staff
Useful life of equipment
LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS - REPORT
Provide Summary Table with name of energy
conservation measure, estimated annual
energy savings, estimated installation cost, and
simple payback period. Provide project
summary for implementation of all
recommendations measures.
6. Recommend Measurement and Verification
methods to validate performance of projects.
7. Discuss potential capital intensive measures
requiring a Level III analysis.
5.
LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITALINTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-DETAILS
1.
Complete steps of a Level II – Energy Survey
and Analysis services
2. Potential Owner Interface and Information
•
•
Executive Management - Owner provided detail
financial criteria for life cycle cost analysis and
third party financing as applicable
Facility Managers - Discuss potential construction
contractor and maintenance contractors that can
assist with cost estimated for detailed analysis,
LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITALINTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-DETAILS
3.
Existing Building On-Site Survey Information,
validate drawings and other documentation
•
•
•
•
Envelope components (Wall Roof, Floor, Windows,
Doors, Skylights, etc.)
HVAC Systems components and control
strategies
Lighting fixture types and controls
Equipment schedules , space and occupancy
information
LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITALINTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-DETAILS
4.
Conduct more rigorous energy analysis
•
•
•
•
Conduct energy simulation analysis with 8760
hour simulation software (i.e Trane Tracer or
Carrier HAP-Detail level).
Requires well defined building envelope
information
Detail HVAC Systems components and control
strategies
Accurate lighting and other electrical equipment
levels and schedules
LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITALINTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-DETAILS
Detail construction costs estimates or
contractor price quotes are obtained.
6. Equipment O&M and replacements costs are
determined from service contractors.
7. Complete life cycle cost analysis of
alternatives are conducted
5.
•
8.
Life Cycle Costing Manual - Federal
EnergyManagement Program
Conclusions are presented based on LCC
evaluation of all alternatives.
LIFE CYCLE COSTING MANUAL
FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
5.
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/publications/handbooks/135.html
USER-FRIENDLY LIFE CYCLE
COST ANALYSIS
http://www.doe2.com/download/lcc/LCC-Summary-Rev2004.pdf
LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
HVAC EQUIPMENT USEFUL LIFE
Reference ASHRAE 2007 HVAC Application Handbook, Chapter 36
USER-FRIENDLY LIFE CYCLE
COST ANALYSIS
LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
SUMMARY GRAPH
KEARNY ELEMENTARY HVAC OPTIONS - 25 YEAR LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
$3,000,000
$2,500,000
$2,000,000
Maintenance Cost
Water Cost
Natural Gas Cost
$1,500,000
Electricity Cost
Replacement Costs
Initial Costs
$1,000,000
$500,000
$0
EXISTING 2 - Pipe
Fan Coils, Boiler
(NO COOLING)
Package Roof Top
Units
Roof Top FurnaceEvap
HVAC System Type
Geothermal Heat
Pumps
LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITALINTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-REPORT
1. Include text, schematics and equipment lists
necessary to completely describe the
measure. Preliminary engineering information
and detailed estimates or firm price quotes
should support cost estimates.
2. Prepare a financial evaluation of the estimated
capital improvement projected energy savings.
3. Use the owner’s chosen techniques and
criteria as requested in final presentation.
COMMERCIAL BUILDING
ENERGY AUDITS PRESENTATION
QUESTIONS