The History of Management
4 Main Groups of Theories
(6 actual theories altogether)
•
•
•
•
Classical
Behavioral
Management Science
Integrative:
– Systems Theory
– Sociotechnical Theory
– Contingency Theory
Classical Theory
• Classical Theorists (late 1800s, early 1900s)
– Focus on the job itself and management functions to
determine the best way to manage in all organizations.
– 1-Scientific Management-What is the best way to maximize job
performance?
• Fredrick Winslow Taylor
– Father of Scientific Management
– Focused on analyzing jobs and redesigning them so they could be
accomplished more efficiently.
• Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
– Work efficiency
– They used time and motion studies to make jobs more efficient
– They had 12 children (popularized in movies and the book, Cheaper by the
Dozen)
– Lillian was commonly refered to as the First Lady of Management
– She lived to be 94 years old!
• Henry Gantt
– Work scheduling-developed a method for scheduling work over a period of
time.
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rights reserved.
A–3
Classical Theory (cont’d)
– 2-Administrative Theory-Do we need some rules and
regulations in management?
• Henri Fayol
– Father of Modern Management
– Came up with the “functions” of management-planning, organizing,
controlling (he also used “coordinating and commanding” as well)
• Max Weber
– Bureaucracy –rules need to be made so that all employees are treated
fairly
• Chester Barnard
– Authority and power-studied the “informal” rules-cliques
• Mary Parker Follett
– Worker participation, conflict resolution, and shared goals
– Stressed the importance of the people, not just the machines
– Started what is now known as “employee participation”
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rights reserved.
A–4
Behavioral Theory
• Behavioral Theorists (mid to late 1900s)
– Focus on people to determine the best way to manage in
all organizations. People skills rather than technical skills.
– Human Relations Movement (later, the Behavioral Science
Approach)
• Elton Mayo
– Hawthorne studies-how management treats their employees affects the
employees’ performance. In fact, just studying people can increase their
performance (called the “Hawthorne Effect”).
• Abraham Maslow
– Hierarchy of needs-Basic needs must be met first before employees will
perform well, ie food, shelter, decent work environment, safety. Once
those are met, they are able to focus on social needs, self-esteem needs,
and finally, when all other needs are met, they can focus on creativity,
skill development, getting a promotion etc.
• Douglas McGregor
– Theory X (managers think that employees are lazy and will avoid work
when they can) and Theory Y (managers think that employees want to
work and are motivated by the satisfaction of doing a good job)
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rights reserved.
A–5
Management Science
• Management Science Theorists (after World
War II)
– Focus on the use of mathematics to aid in
problem solving and decision making.
– Stresses decision-making and technical skills.
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rights reserved.
A–6
Integrative Perspective
• Systems Theory
– Focuses on viewing the organization as a whole and as
the interrelationship of its parts (subsystems).
– Stresses the need for conceptual skills.
• Sociotechnical Theory
– Focuses on integrating people and technology.
• Contingency Theory
– Focuses on determining the best management
approach for a given situation.
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rights reserved.
A–7
Exhibit A ● Comparing Theories
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rights reserved.
A–8
KEY TERMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Copyright © 2009 SouthWestern/Cengage Learning. All
rights reserved.
classical theorists
behavioral theorists
management science theorists
systems theorists
sociotechnical theorists
contingency theorists
A–9
“Who Am I?”
• I am known as the “Father
of Scientific
Management”
• I am one of the Classical
Theorists
• Focused on analyzing jobs
and redesigning them so
they could be
accomplished more
efficiently.
• Frederick Winslow Taylor
“Who Am I?”
I formed a team with my
husband to study work
efficiency.
I was very busy with my
12 children and my
career.
I was known as the First
Lady of Management.
My husband’s first name
was Frank.
Lillian Gilbreth
“Who Am I?”
I focused on work
scheduling.
I created a chart that is
helpful when
scheduling projects and
work.
The chart I created is
called the Gantt chart.
Henry Gantt
“Who Am I?”
I am known as the Father of
Modern Management
I was part of the
Administrative Theory
group
I came up with the
“functions” of
management-planning,
organizing, controlling (I
also used “coordinating
and commanding” as well)
Henri Fayol
“Who Am I?”
I was one of the few
women theorists
I focused on worker
participation, conflict
resolution, and shared
goals
I developed what is now
known as “employee
participation”
Mary Parker Follett
“Who Am I?”
I was responsible for the
Hawthorne studies
Elton Mayo
I developed Theory X and
Theory Y
Douglas McGregor
“Who Am I?”
•
•
I developed the “Hierarchy of Needs”
theory
Abraham Maslow
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Henry Gantt
Henri Fayol
Mary Parker Follett
Elton Mayo
Douglas McGregor
Abraham Maslow