Spatial Database Systems
Tyler Reainthong
CSE 7330
Fall 2009
Topics
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Definitions
Storage and Indexing
Spatial Relationships
Spatial Queries
Standards
Systems
Applications and the Future
What is a Spatial Database?
• Database that models space, objects in
space, or a combination of both
• Provide capabilities to store and
manipulate spatial data as well as find
various interactions between them
What is a Spatial Database? (cont)
• Uses spatial data types (SDTs) and spatial
indexes
• Uses spatial queries which are able to work
with the spatial data types
• Usually provides these capabilities as an
extension to a standard RDBMS
What is Spatial Data?
• Each vendor’s implementation will consist
of different spatial data types
• Each type can be abstracted to basic
geometric primitives which consist of:
– Points
– Lines
– Polygons/Regions
What is Spatial Data? (cont)
• Point
– Can define locations of interest
– Used when you do not care about the extent
of the object
– Can be used to define “space”
• Land
• Map boundaries
• Grids
What is Spatial Data? (cont)
• Line
– Can be straight, arcing or a combination of
both
– Can be used to define movement and
connections between spatial objects
What is Spatial Data? (cont)
• Polygon/Region
– Basic shapes (box, square, triangle, etc.)
– May have holes
Spatial Data Types (SDTs)
• Spatial Data Types often referred to as “geometries” can
either be defined as one or more spatial data primitive
types
• Example Oracle Spatial SDO_GTYPE:
Source: http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2003/11/10/oracle_spatial.html
Spatial Storage
• Creating a normal table with an additional
spatial column in Oracle Spatial
Source: http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2003/11/10/oracle_spatial.html
Spatial Indexing
• R-Trees
– Similar to B-trees but allow indexing for
multidimensional data
– Creates minimum bounding boxes that
essentially partition the spatial data into
hierarchical rectangular shaped boxes
– These boxes provide rough approximations of
the geometries which optimizes query
performance
Spatial Indexing (cont)
• Example R-Tree
Source: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idshelp/v10/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.rtree.doc/rtree29.htm
Spatial Indexing (cont)
• Quad-Trees
– Recursively divide space into four quadrants
Source: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idshelp/v10/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.rtree.doc/rtree29.htm
Spatial Relationships
• Spatial relationships can be categorized into three
different types
– Topological relationships
• Contains, Inside, Covers, Adjacent, Touch, Disjoint
– Directional relationships
• Above, Below, West of, East of
– Metric relationships
• Distances between two geometries
• Each vendor may or may not implement certain
relationships as a function
Spatial Relationships (cont)
• Oracle Spatial supports the following relationships
Source:
http://docs.autodesk.com/TOPOBSCLNT/2010/ENU/Autodesk
%20Topobase%202010%20User%20Documentation/images/IS
D/Everest-ALL/English/pic_admin_oracle_spatial.png
Spatial Queries
• SQL can work with spatial data types
• Spatial operators and functions can also be
used with SQL
Spatial Queries (cont)
• Spatial Query Examples in PostGIS
Source: http://postgis.refractions.net/docs/ch04.html#id2538511
Spatial Queries (cont)
• Spatial Query Examples in PostGIS
Source: http://postgis.refractions.net/docs/ch04.html#id2538511
Standards and Specifications
• Standards and specifications governed by the
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
– http://www.opengeospatial.org
• Defines standard Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) object types, functions associated
with them, and metadata tables
– Simple Feature Access Architecture
• http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfa
Some Spatial DBMS Systems
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Oracle Spatial
PostgreSQL with PostGIS extension
MySQL
Microsoft SQL Server 2008
IBM DB2 with Spatial Extender
Applications and the Future
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GIS/Mapping
CAD and GIS integration
Location based services
Spatial data is becoming ubiquitous
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Environmental
Health sectors
Agricultural
Geological
Hazard management
Military and intelligence
Bibliography
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http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=615206&type=pdf&coll=Portal&dl=GUIDE&CFID=604957
78&CFTOKEN=48744014
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idshelp/v10/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.rtree.doc/rtree2
9.htm
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2003/11/10/oracle_spatial.html
http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a96630/sdo_objrelschema.htm
http://postgis.refractions.net/docs/ch04.html
http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/oracle9i/pdf/OracleSpatial.pdf
http://docs.autodesk.com/TOPOBSCLNT/2010/ENU/Autodesk%20Topobase%202010%20User%20D
ocumentation/index.html?url=WS73099cc142f48755b0eae110a8ea4f1d98a3.htm,topicNumber=d0
e17737
http://edndoc.esri.com/arcsde/9.1/general_topics/understand_spatial_relations.htm
http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/spatial/htdocs/spatial_stds_support.html
http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/spatial/pdf/lvvw_narrowingthegap.pdf
http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/spatial/index.html
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/index.htm