Lecture 1 - Porterville College
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P020A Developmental Disabilities Mrs. Elizabeth Keele Course Content #1 • Explain in detail the American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) definition of mental retardation. What is the AAIDD? • Founded 1876 • "Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feebleminded Persons" Classification of MR 1910 • Moron – 7-12 years • Imbecile – 2-7 years • Idiot – < 2 years THESE TERMS ARE NOW INAPPROPRIATE AND OFFENSIVE Name Change… • Am. Assoc. of Mental Retardation – 1921 Name Change • 2007 • American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Current definition & Criteria Definition: • Mental Retardation • Intellectual Disability Is intellectual disability the same as mental retardation? A. YES • “Intellectual B. NO disability” is the preferred term Intellectual disability • Name has changes not the definition… Definition of Intellectual disability • Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18. Definition of Intellectual disability • Intellectual functioning • AKA: intelligence • general mental capacity – Learning – Reasoning – Problem solving Definition of Intellectual disability • How can we measure intellectual functioning? • IQ test. • score <70 – 75 = limitation in intellectual functioning. Definition of Intellectual disability • Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18. Definition of Intellectual disability • Adaptive behavior • Collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives. Definition of Intellectual disability • Conceptual skills – Language & literacy – Money – Time – Number concepts – Self-direction Definition of Intellectual disability • Social skills – – – – – – – Interpersonal skills Social responsibility Self-esteem Gullibility Naïveté Social problem solving Ability to follow rules/obey laws – Avoid being victimized Definition of Intellectual disability • Practical skills – – – – – – – – activities of daily living Occupational skills Healthcare Travel/transportation Schedules/routines Safety Use money Use telephone. Definition of Intellectual disability • Standardized tests can also determine limitations in adaptive behavior. Definition of Intellectual disability • Age of Onset – Before 18 • This condition is one of several developmental disabilities Definition of Intellectual disability • Assume – Limitations coexist with strengths – Level of functioning will improve – if appropriate personalized supports are provided – over a sustained period Definition of Intellectual disability • Only on the basis of such many-sided evaluations can professionals determine whether an individual has intellectual disability and tailor individualized support plans. • Is intellectual disability the same "Developmental as developmental disabilities? Disabilities" is an umbrella term • includes intellectual disability • also includes other disabilities that are apparent during childhood. Federal Definition of Developmental Disabilities • According to the Developmental Disabilities Act, section 102(8), "the term 'developmental disability' means a severe, chronic disability of an individual 5 years of age or older that: Federal Definition of Developmental Disabilities • Severe, chronic disability 5 years+ 1. Is attributable to a mental or physical impairment or combination of mental and physical impairments Federal Definition of Developmental Disabilities • Severe, chronic disability 5 years+ 1. Mental or physical impairment 2. Is manifested before the individual attains age 22 Federal Definition of Developmental Disabilities • Severe, chronic disability 5 years+ : 1. Mental or physical impairment 2. Is manifested before 22 3. Is likely to continue indefinitely • Federal Definition of Developmental Disabilities Severe, chronic disability 5 years+ : 1. 2. 3. Mental or physical impairment Is manifested before 22 Is likely to continue indefinitely 4. Results in substantial functional limitations in three or more of the following areas of major life activity • • • • • • • Self-care Receptive and expressive language; Learning; Mobility; Self-direction; Capacity for independent living; and Economic self-sufficiency. Federal Definition of Developmental Disabilities • Functional limitations • • • • • • • Self-care Receptive and expressive language; Learning; Mobility; Self-direction; Capacity for independent living; and Economic self-sufficiency. Federal Definition of Developmental Disabilities • Severe, chronic disability 5 years+ : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mental or physical impairment Is manifested before 22 Is likely to continue indefinitely Results in substantial functional limitations (3+) Reflects the individual's need for services, supports, or other assistance that is of lifelong or extended duration Intellectual disability • Intellectual disability encompasses the “cognitive” part of this definition Is intellectual disability determined by just an IQ test? • 3 major criteria : A.YES B. NO – intellectual functioning, – adaptive behavior, – onset <18 IQ test • Tool • < 75 indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning History of Intellectual disabilities • Earliest documentation – 1552 B.C. – Luxor, Egypt Treatment throughout history • Depended on customs – Eliminated – Amusement – Slavery Skill based program • Dr. Jean-Marc Itard – 1774-1838 – Father of Special Ed. Residential Facilities • First: – – – – Abendberg Johann Guggenbühl 1841 Switzerland USA rehabilitation & reintegration • Dorthea Dix – Asylums • Samuel Howe – Director of Perkins Institution for the Blind in Boston • Hervey Wilbur – 1st private institution Eugenics • Sterilization laws Small Group Questions • • • • • • • • • What is the AAIDD? What is the definition of mental retardation? ID originates before what age? What is another term for intellectual functioning? What are the skill-sets associated with adaptive behavior? (Give specific examples of each skill set) What is the relationship between developmental disability and intellectual disability? What is the federal government’s definition of developmental disability? Who are Johann Guggenbuhl, Dorothea Dix, Samuel Howe and Hervey Wilbur in relationship to ID? What are eugenics laws? Course Content #2 • Detail the general deficits experienced by mental retarded individuals as compared with normal individuals in 3 distinct development stages – Infancy – early childhood – Childhood – adolescence – Late adolescence - adulthood Cognitive Theory • Jean Piaget • Intellect & develop thought processes Cognitive theory 3 Major Concepts • Schema – Idea’s that grow from experience • Assimilation – Ability to absorb new information into schemas • Accommodation – Schemas change with new information • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRF27F2b n-A • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpO5w9m M-1M SENSORIMOTOR • Age – Birth – 2 yrs • Major developmental Task 1) Mobility 2) Sense of self 3) Object permanence 4) Form mental images Preoperational • Age – 2 – 6 yrs • Major developmental Task 1) Express self with language 2) Understanding gestures 3) Conservation Concrete operational • Age • Major developmental Task – 6 - 12 yrs 1) Logical thinking 2) Reversibility & spatiality 3) Differentiate and classify 4) Socializing 5) Apply rules Formal operational • Age • Major developmental Task • 12 – 16 yrs 1) Abstract thinking 2) Testing hypotheses A child forgets about the toy as soon as it is placed under a blanket – is an example of a child's lack of… A. Sense of self B. Object permanence C. Conservation D. Reversibility E. Delayed gratification Intellectual Disability • Limitations in age-appropriate intellectual & adaptive behavior • Life Span Mild • Identified – 2nd – 3rd grade – Master skills 6th grade Moderate • Delays in preschool • Discrepancies widen with age • h health problems • h behavior problems Severe - Profound • Identified at birth • CNS damage • Functional impairment Cognitive Functioning • • • • • Memory Learning rates Attention Generalizing Motivation Memory • Difficulty – Short-term memory Learning Rate • Less that typical • h # of trials Attention • Trouble attending to relevant vs. irrelevant stimuli • i attention span Generalization of Learning • Difficulty transferring knowledge Motivation • Exhibit lack of interest • Learned helplessness Adaptive behavior • ADL’s • Social development • Behavioral Excesses ALD’s • • • • • Direct Supports Prompts Simplified Routine Social Development • i language • unusual behaviors • making and sustaining friendship is a challenge Behavioral Excesses • h behavior problems • i self-control • “Dual diagnosis” – I.D. + psychiatric condition Small Group Questions • Who is the “father” of cognitive theory? • Define schema, assimilation and accommodation • What are the four stages of cognitive development and what are the major tasks associated with each stage? • In general terms how is cognitive functioning affected in clients with ID? • In general terms how is adaptive behavior affected in clients with ID? • In general terms how is social development affected in clients with ID? Course Content #3 • State the formula for and compute I.Q. What does IQ stand for? • Intelligence quotient What is intelligence? • 3 behaviors equate with intelligence 1. Problem solving 2. Verbal 3. Social To determine intelligence… • These concepts are incorporated into IQ tests in varying ways. Intelligence Tests • 1st – 1905 – Binet & Simon • Favored – Verbal • Revised – Stanford-Binet test Common tests • Wechsler test – Most common • Vineyard Social maturity scale • Leiter international performance scale • Slosson Intelligence Test What does IQ stand for? • Intelligence quotient – William Stern • Median score – 100 – 95 % between 70 and 130 IQ Formula ππππ‘ππ π΄ππ (ππ΄) π₯ 100 = πΌ. π. πΆβπππππππππππ π΄ππ (πΆπ΄) Mental Age & IQ • Mental age = • “General measure of mental power” Example • ππ΄ πΆπ΄ • ππ΄ 6 πΆπ΄ × 100 = πΌπ × 100 = _I.Q.__ Example • ππ΄ πΆπ΄ • ππ΄ 6 πΆπ΄ 6 × 100 = πΌπ × 100 = __I.Q.__ Example • ππ΄ πΆπ΄ • ππ΄ 6 πΆπ΄ 6 × 100 = πΌπ × 100 = __I.Q. 100__ • • • Example A.0.125 B.12.5 Mental Age:4 C.125 Chronological age: 32 D.8 What is there I.Q? E.80 Example • ππ΄ πΆπ΄ • ππ΄ 4 πΆπ΄ 32 × 100 = πΌπ × 100 = __12.5__ • • • Example A.0.125 B.12.5 Mental Age:4 C.125 Chronological age: 32 D.8 What is there I.Q? E.80 • • • Example A.2 Chronological age B.20 – 16 Mental Age C.200 –8 D.5 What is their I.Q? E.50 Is intellectual disability determined by just an IQ test? • No! • 3 major criteria : – intellectual functioning, – adaptive behavior, – onset <18 IQ test • Tool • < 75 indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning Small Group Questions • What does IQ stand for? • What is the formula for IQ? • What behaviors or skills are associated with intelligence? • What is the “average” IQ • What score on an IQ is considered ID? • What tests are used to determine IQ? Course Content #4 • Describe the distribution of the developmentally disabled as a population People Served by Calif. - DDS 2007 1997 Gender # % Gender # % Female 61,892 42.3% Female 86,740 38.6% Male 84,345 57.7% Male 138,230 61.4% Total 146,237 100% Total 224,970 100% People Served by DDS 2007 1997 Male Male Female Female Age # % Birth – 2yrs 29,781 13.2% 3-13 yrs 61,684 27.4% 14 – 21 yrs 38, 820 17.3% 22 - 31 yrs 32,161 14.3% 32 – 41 yrs 22,002 9.8% 42 – 51 yrs 21,594 9.6% 52 – 61 yrs 12,987 5.8% > 62 yrs 5,941 2.6% Residence Type 1997 # 1997 % 2007 # 2007 % Home 96,412 65.9% 165,284 73.5% Comm. care 24,912 17.0% 27,133 12.1% ILS / SLS 12,184 8.3% 19,492 8.7% SNF / ICF 7,976 5.3% 8,854 3.9% Developmental 4,031 2.8% 2,675 1.2% 722 0.5% 1,532 0.7% Center Other Epilepsy or Seizure Disorder 2007 YES - 19.6% NO - 80.4% Cerebral Palsy or Similar Motor Dysfunctions 2007 YES 17.9% NO 82.1% Autism 2007 1997 YES 19% Yes 7% No 93% NO 81% 2007 No ID- 25% Mild - 3*% Moderate - 17% Severe 8% Profound 5% Unknown 6% Small Group Question • Describe the distribution of the developmentally disabled as a population Course Content #5 • List the ranges of I.Q. scores associated with various levels of intellectual disability according to the AAIDD DSM - 5 • Eliminated levels per IQ –2013 Level Mild Moderate Severe Profound Levels of ID per DSM-IV IQ 50 - 55 to 70 35-40 to 55 20 - 25 to 35 -40 Below 20 – 25 Wechsler Intelligence Scales (Current as of 2012) IQ Range ("deviation IQ") 130 and above IQ Classification Very Superior 120–129 Superior 110–119 High Average 90–109 Average 80–89 Low Average 70–79 Borderline 69 and below Extremely Low Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Fifth Edition (2003) IQ Range IQ Classification 145–160 Very gifted or highly advanced 130–144 120–129 110–119 90–109 80–89 Gifted or very advanced Superior High average Average Low average 70–79 Borderline impaired or delayed 55–69 Mildly impaired or delayed 40–54 Moderately impaired or delayed Historically – 1916 IQ Range Above 140 120–140 110–120 IQ Classification "Near" genius or genius Very superior intelligence Superior intelligence 90–110 Normal, or average, intelligence 80–90 Dullness, rarely classifiable as feeblemindedness 70–80 Border-line deficiency, sometimes classifiable as dullness, often as feeble-mindedness Below 70 Definite feeble-mindedness 1923 IQ Range ("ratio IQ") 130 and above IQ Classification Very Superior 120–129 Very Bright 110–119 Bright 90–109 Normal 80–89 Backward 70–79 Borderline 1928 175 of above Precocious 150–174 Very superior 125–149 Superior 115–124 Very bright 105–114 Bright 95–104 Average 85–94 Dull 75–84 Borderline 50–74 Morons 25–49 Imbeciles 0–24 Idiots 1958 IQ Range IQ Classification Percent Included Very Superior 2.2 120–127 Superior 6.7 111–119 Bright Normal 16.1 91–110 Average 50.0 80–90 Dull normal 16.1 66–89 Borderline 6.7 65 and below Defective 2.2 128 and over Small Group Question • List the ranges of I.Q. scores associated with various levels of intellectual disability according to the AAIDD Course Content #6 • Describe expected levels of functioning of the developmentally disabled as a population AAIDD core values: • Full societal inclusion and participation AAIDD core values: • Equality, individual dignity & other human rights. AAIDD core values: • Choice and self-determination AAIDD core values: • Recognizing contributions AAIDD core values: • Participation in all aspects of life AAIDD core values: • Access to quality health, education, vocational, and other human services and supports.
