February 8—Write an identification for
NATO.
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
NATO
•Wants to strengthen
democracy
•Agreement between North
Atlantic countries
•Made in 1949
•Still exists
•Settle
disputes
peacefully
using the
UN
•Members
will defend
each other
•Establish
a council
of
members
•New
members
can join
Warsaw
Pact
•Includes a requirement
to reduce armaments and
prohibits weapons of
mass destruction
•Between communist
countries in Europe
•Made in 1955
•No longer exists
Read “Who’s to Blame for the Cold War?”
on p. 906 in AP and take notes
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Orthodox
Revisionist
Radical Revisionist
Post-revisionist
The Cold War in Europe
1945-1968
Students will be able to explain and
analyze
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Ideological differences and opposition
Mutual suspicion and fear
Superpowers and spheres of influence
Alliances and diplomacy
Containment, brinkmanship, peaceful
coexistence, and détente
UN
Arms Race, proliferation and limitation
Sample Paper 2 Questions
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Assess the part played by differing ideologies in
the origin of the Cold War.
Analyse the origin of the East-West rivalry and
explain why it developed into the Cold War.
For what reasons, and with what results, did the
Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan affect
Cold War development?
Explain the meaning of 2 of the following and
show how each affected the development of the
Cold War: containment; brinkmanship; nonalignment; détente.
Sample Questions
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For what reasons, and with what results,
were the disagreements between participants
at the conferences of Yalta and Potsdam in
1945?
Define and analyse the importance of two of
the following: (a) the formation of NATO; (b)
the Warsaw Pact; (c) non-alignment; (d)
détente.
Key Terms
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Berlin Blockade
Suez Crisis
Hungarian Uprising
U-2 Incident
Berlin Wall
Prague Spring
Brezhnev Doctrine
Lecture Outline
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I. US Loans
II. Truman Doctrine
III. Marshall Plan
IV. Berlin Blockade
V. The Suez Crisis and the Hungarian Revolt
VI. U-2 Incident
VII. Prague Spring and the Brezhnev
Doctrine
US Loans
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In January 1945 Stalin requested a $6 billion
post-war recovery loan for the Soviet Union.
The US State Department refused to discuss
the matter unless Stalin became more
receptive to US demands in Europe.
Later in 1945 the Soviets asked for a $1
billion loan. The official US government
explanation to this day is that the request was
“lost.”
US Loans
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When it was “found” months later, the State
Department offered to discuss the loan if the
Soviets would pledge “non-discrimination in
international commerce” allowing US
investment and goods into Eastern Europe.
The US had loaned Great Britain $4 billion
and France $1 billion.
Truman Doctrine
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At the UN Security Council in January 1946,
the Soviet Union condemned persecutions of
leftists in Greece—1,219 of them had been
assassinated and 18,767 arrested.
A civil war in Greece began in March 1946.
Over 600,000 Greeks were killed from 1940
to 1949.
Resulted in the Truman Doctrine and $400
million in aid for Greece and Turkey.
Marshall Plan
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$5 billion was appropriated in April 1948.
By 1952 when military aid began to replace
economic assistance, the US has expended
nearly $14 billion to promote European
recovery.
Europe’s economic productivity increased by
nearly 200% from 1948 to 1952.
Berlin Blockade
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On June 23, 1948 the US introduced West
German currency into West Berlin.
The Soviets established a blockade on all
road, rail, and barge traffic into the city.
The West set up a counter-blockade on the
movement of goods from the Eastern Europe
into West Germany.
The American and British supplied West
Berlin with an airlift, flying 5,000 tons of
goods a day.
Berlin Blockade
Berlin Blockade
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In July 1948 the US sent 2 groups of B-29s to
Britain.
In April 1949 the US and 11 other nations
created NATO.
On May 12, 1949 the Soviets ended their
blockade of Berlin.
Suez Crisis
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In late 1955 the President of Egypt, Gamal
Abdel Nasser, negotiated a weapons deal
with Communist Czechoslovakia that seemed
to threaten US influence in the Middle East.
The US offered Egypt technical and financial
aid to build the Aswan Dam.
In July 1956, after Nasser refused to
repudiate the Czech arms deal and
recognized Communist China.
The US pulled their offer.
Suez Crisis
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Nasser immediately nationalized the Suez
Canal which gave him the $25 million annual
profit from the canal operation.
In September 1956 Britain, France and Israel
signed a secret agreement in which the
Israeli army agreed to a fake an assault on
the Canal. In return, the Israelis would
receive British and French air and naval
support as its armed forces attacked and
destroyed Egypt’s army in Sinai and opened
the Straits of Tiran.
Suez Crisis
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In October 1956 Israel invaded Egypt.
It quickly destroyed the Egyptian army and
captured most of the Sinai Peninsula.
On October 30, 1956 the Europeans began
to bomb Egyptian targets.
The US introduced a resolution in the UN
General Assembly urging a truce and
imposed an oil embargo on Britain and
France.
The British and French agreed to a ceasefire
and a quick withdrawal from Egypt.
Suez Crisis
Hungarian Revolt
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Oct. 23, 1956 Hungarian students began
protests that demanded the removal of the
Red Army from Hungary and the creation of
an anti-Communist political party.
October 28 Soviet troops leave Budapest.
Voice of America and Radio Free Europe
encouraged the rebels and the US promised
economic aid to those countries that broke
free from the Soviet sphere.
Hungarian Revolt
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October 31 Imre Nagy announced that
Hungary was withdrawing from the Warsaw
Pact.
Soviets used the Suez Crisis as a cover and
moved the Red Army back into Budapest.
7,000 Soviets and 30,000 Hungarians died.
50,000 Hungarians fled the country.
Nagy was executed.
Eisenhower never contemplated helping
Hungary.
March 8—Write an identification for
the Hungarian revolt.
The U-2 Incident
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In 1956 the US started a series of flights over
the Soviet Union in high-altitude photograph
airplanes called U-2s.
In September 1959 Khrushchev visited the US
and he and Eisenhower agreed to hold a summit
meeting in Paris in May 1960.
On the eve of the summit, Khrushchev
announced that the Soviets had shot down a U-2
plan over the Soviet Union.
Khrushchev produced the pilot, Francis Gary
Powers, and the conference was ruined.
Berlin Wall
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On August 13, 1961 Khrushchev decided to
build the Berlin Wall.
The Prague Spring
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In October 1964 the
Politburo removed
Khrushchev from
power and Leonid
Brezhnev became the
leader of the Soviet
Union.
In January 1968
Alexander Dubcek
became the leader of
Czechoslovakia.
The Prague Spring
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The increased liberalization of the
Czechoslovakian economy and society
became known as “the Prague Spring.”
In August 1968, 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops
invaded Czechoslovakia.
Brezhnev Doctrine
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In November 1968 Brezhnev defended the
invasion of Czechoslovakia in a speech that
later became known as the Brezhnev
Doctrine, which stated that the USSR would
define the “correct” form of socialism, and no
Eastern European country would be allowed
to deviate from the Soviet view, leave the
Warsaw Pact, or overthrow the Communist
Party’s monopoly on power.