Introduction to glass products
2008
Technical Advisory Service
Glass products
 Composition and manufacturing
 Glass properties
 Glavebel’s organisation
 Raw products
 Processed products
 How to recognize a type of glass
 Cutting and edge working
Glass products - Composition and manufacturing





continuous fabrication process ( 12 ans)
500 m long
production capacity: 500 to 700 Tons / day
2000 Tons melted glass in the furnace
3 days between in and out
Glass products - Composition




73 % Sand
SiO2
15 % Soda
Na2O
10 % Calcium CaO
2 % Addictives




glass
melting
stabilising agent
resistance, color, ...
 Soda lime silicate glass
Glass products – manufacturing: furnace
1600 °C
Furnace
1050 °C
Glass products – manufacturing: furnace
Glass products – manufacturing: furnace
1580°C
AIR
INLET
fume
left
FUME OUTLET
air
righ
t
Glass products – manufacturing: tin bath
1050 °C
600 °C
TOP Rollers
CVD
Lift Out
Glass products – manufacturing: tin bath
 Tin: 7 cm deep (180 T)
 Length: 70 m
 Tin density: 6,5 kg/dm³
 Glass density: 2,3 kg/dm³
Glass products – manufacturing: cooling zone
600 °C
50 °C
Glass products – manufacturing: cutting & stacking
Glass products – Some statistics
A float line produces more or less 700 tons
by day, it means:
 70 000 m² of 4 mm float by day
 35 full trucks by day
 900 m long of 4 mm float by hour
 22 km long of 4 mm float by day
 2 100 000 m² of 4 mm float by month
Glass products
 Composition and manufacturing
 Glass properties
 Glavebel’s organisation
 Raw products
 Processed products
 How to recognize a type of glass
 Cutting and edge working
Glass products – Glas properties
 Not crystalised solid
 Perfectly elastic
 No permanent deformation
 Fragile break
 Young’s modulus: 70 000 N/mm²
Glass products – Glas properties
 Volume mass: 2500 kg/m³
 1 m² of 4 mm thickness = 10 kg
 5 m² of 10 mm thickness = 125 kg
 Note: m² of reduce meter (m²rs):
1 mrs is equal to 1 m² in thickness 2 mm
(5 kg/m²)
Glass products
 Composition and manufacturing
 Glass properties
 AGC Flat Glass Europe’s organisation
 Raw products
 Processed products
 How to recognize a type of glass
 Cutting and edge working
Raw
Glass Division
Coatings
Float
Laminated
Glass
Cast Glass
Unprocessed
Mirrors
Processed
Glass Division
Architectural
Glass
Fire Resistant
Glass
Automotive
Mirrors
Special
Products
Appliances
Glass products
 Composition and manufacturing
 Glass properties
 AGC’s organisation
 Raw products
 Processed products
 How to recognize a type of glass
 Cutting and edge working
Glass products – Raw products
Raw products:
- Float
- Patterned glass
- Wired glass
- Profiled glass
- Glass blocks
Raw glass products - Float
Sand (70 %)
Melting
elements
(15 %)
Soda
Stabilizing
elements
(15 %)
Limestone
Dolomite
Feldspath
Furnace
Tinted glass
+ metal oxydes
Raw glass products - Float
 Characteritics:
–
–
–
–
–
Flat
Annealed (so cuttable)
Translucent
Clear or colored
Thicknesses: (extra thin)-3-4-5-6-8-10-1215-19-(22)-(25) mm
– Maximum dimensions: 6 m x 3,21 m
Raw glass products - Float
Clear Extra-clear Green Bronze Grey
Pink
Blue
BU Float - 18 units

2




24

3



2
Glass products – Raw products
Raw products:
- Float
- Patterned glass
- Wired glass
- Profiled glass
- Glass blocks
Raw glass products – Patterned glass
Raw glass products – Patterned glass
BU Cast Glass - 2 units


Glass products – Raw products
Raw products:
- Float
- Patterned glass
- Wired glass
- Profiled glass
- Glass blocks
Raw glass products – Wired glass
Raw glass products – Wired glass
Glass products – Raw products
Raw products:
- Float
- Patterned glass
- Wired glass
- Profiled glass
- Glass blocks
Raw glass products – Profiled glass
Glass products – Raw products
Raw products:
- Float
- Patterned glass
- Wired glass
- Profiled glass
- Glass blocks
Raw glass products – Glass bloks
=> Molted glass
Raw glass products – Glass blocks
Raw glass products – AGC’s labels
Product
AGC’s label
Float
Planibel
Patterned glass
Imagin / Glamatt
Wired glass
Imagin
Profiled glass
-
Glass blocks
-
Glass products
 Composition and manufacturing
 Glass properties
 AGC’s organisation
 Raw products
 Processed products
 How to recognize a type of glass
 Cutting and edge working
Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
Processed products – Coated glass
Processed products – Coated glass
 Sort of coatings :
– pyrolytic: on the manufacturing line (float) (‘‘hard
coating’’)
– Vaccum coating: in a magnetron (‘‘soft coatings’’)
 Aims :
–
–
–
–
Solar control
Thermal insulation
Reflection limitation
...
Processed products – Pyrolitic coated glass
1
 From the ‘spray’ process (1)
 Projection of microdroplets
2
 To the Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) (2)
 Improved lateral uniformity
 Higher reaction yields
 Less cooling of the glass surface  Multilayer coatings
Processed products - Magnetron coated glass
Buffer
Buffer
Unload
Washer
Load
Coat zones
Inspection
 ‘‘Off-line’’ production process
 Vaccum sputtering
Processed products - Magnetron coated glass
Magnets
Cathode (-)
+
+
Gas ions (+)
+ + +
+
+
Anode
Gas
Coating
Glass
BU Magnetron - 4 units




Processed products - Coated glass
Pyrolytic
Magnetron
Coating resistence
high
low
Use in SG
yes
sometimes
Use in DG
yes
yes
Treatments possibilities
toughening
curving
laminating
In some cases,
toughening,
curving and
laminating
Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
Processed products – Mirrors
Silvering
Polishing
Sensitising
& Activation
Drying
Passivation
Washing Drying
Paint curing
Metallic
curing
Paint layer
Cooling
BU Unprocessed Mirrors - 4 units




Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
Processed products – Treated surfaces
 Painted glass
Processed products – Treated surfaces
 Painted glass
Processed products – Treated surfaces
 Sandblasted glass
Processed products – Treated surfaces
 Matt glass
Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
Processed products – Laminated glass
Interlayer
Interlayer
Interlayer
Processed products – Laminated glass
Terminology of laminated glass with PVB
4
4
 44.2
2 glass of 4 mm
2 PVB films of 0,38 mm
Processed products – Laminated glass
 Sort of interlayers:
– Plastic film (PVB, EVA)
– Resin
– Gel
 Aims
–
–
–
–
Safety and burglary
Acoustic insulation
Resistance to explosions, weapons …
Fire resistance, ...
Processed products – Laminated glass
Fabrication of laminated glass with PVB
1
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
3
4
Automatic glass loader
Glass washer
PVB application
Overlaying with top glass
5
6
5. Calender
6. Loading on racks
7. Autoclave
7
Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
BU Laminated Glass - 4 units




Processed products – Thermally toughened glass
Furnace




Cutting
Grinding
Bevelling
Shaping
650°C
 Fast cooling
 Slow cooling
Air cooler
650°C
60°C
Toughened
Heat strengthened
Processed products – Toughened glass
+ + + + + + + + + +
Compression
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Traction
+ + + + + + + + + +
Compression
45 N/mm²  120 N/mm²
Processed products – Toughened glass
Char bending resistance
Safety coefficient
Thermal shock
Cutting
Fragmentation
Isotropy
Float
Toughened
glass
45 N/mm²
120 N/mm²
2,5
2,5
 30°C
 200°C
Yes
No
Cutting
Few cutting
yes
no
Processed products – Toughened glass
Float
Toughened glass
Processed products - Enamelled glass
- Screen printed glass
Processed products – Screen printed glass
Processed products - Heat strenghened glass
Processed products - Heat strenghened glass
Float
Char. bending strength 45 N/mm²
Heat
strenghened
Toughened
glass
70 N/mm²
120 N/mm²
Thermal shock
 30°C
 100°C
 200°C
Fragmentation
Cutting
Cutting
Non cutting
Yes
No
no
-
No
yes
Cutting
Heat soak
Processed products – Toughened glass
Risk for the toughened glass of spontaneous
breakage due to «nickel sulfide» inclusions
Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
Processed products – Chemically Toughened glass
Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
Processed products – Curved glass
Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
Processed products – Double glazing
4
12
 4-12-4 of 4/12/4
4
Air or gas
Spacer
Opening
Butyl
Dessicant
Sealant
Ext 1
2
3
4 Int
Processed products – Double glazing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
washing machine
automatic butyl extruder
frame mounting station
automatic assembly
automatic press
sealing robot
4
6
5
1
2&3
Processed products – Spandrels
BU Architectural Glass








  





Processed products
 Coated glass
 Mirrors
 Glass with treated surfaces
 Laminated glass
 Tempered glass (toughened and HS)
 Chemically toughened glass
 Curved glass
 Double glazing
 Miscellaneous
Processed products – Miscellaneous
• Glazing with variable properties (liquid cristals)
Processed products – AGC’s label
Product
AGC’s label
Pyrolitic coated glass
Stopsol / Sunergy /
Planibel G
Magnetron coated glass
Stopray / Top N+ / Top NT
/ Energy N & NT
Mirror
Mirox 3G / Mirolam /
Sanilam / Duplex Easycut /
Mirold / Mirox safe
Painted glass
Lacobel / Lacobel Safe /
Lacomat / Matelac /
Matelac Silver
Matt glass
Matelux / Matobel one side
Sandblasted glass
Sandblasted glass
Processed products – AGC’s label
Product
AGC’s label
Laminated glass: - safety
- acoustic
- decoration
Stratobel / Statobel EVA
Stratophone
Stratobel Color / Stratobel
EVA Creation / Stratobel
Impression
Fire resistant product
Pyrobel - Pyrostar
Diffuse glass
Diffuglas
Processed products – AGC’s label
Product
AGC’s label
Thermally toughened glass
Toughened glass
Heat strenghened glass
Heat strenghened glass
Screen painted glass
Artlite
Enamelled glass
Emauver / Colorbel
Chemically toughened glass
(VHR)
Processed products – AGC’s label
Product
AGC’s label
Curved glass
Curved glass
Double glazing
Thermobel
Spandrel
Colorbel / Blackpearl /
Arvahcolor
AGC’s products – Information
Glass products
 Composition and manufacturing
 Glass properties
 AGC’s organisation
 Raw products
 Processed products
 How to recognize a type of glass
 Cutting and edge working
Glass products – How to recognize a glass
How to identify a glass ?
– Thickness
– Sort of glass (single-double-toughened-
laminated)
– Presence of a coating
Glass products – How to recognize a glass
 Thickness control
Glass products – How to recognize a glass
 Sort of glass
– Single
– Double
– Toughened
– Laminated
– Coatings
Glass products
 Composition and manufacturing
 Glass properties
 AGC’s organisation
 Raw products
 Processed products
 How to recognize a type of glass
 Cutting and edge working
Glass products – Cutting and edge working
Glass products – Cutting and edge working
Edge as cut
Arrised edge
Ground edge
Smooth ground edge
Bevel
Glass products – Cutting and edge working